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    Friday, February 10
    Daily civics quiz




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    Twitter         		What was the result of the brutal crackdown by Birmingham police on peaceful civil rights demonstrators?

    a. World public opinion was silent, with most people thinking that it was an internal American affair.
    b. Most people never found out about what happened in Birmingham, since television hadn't been invented.
    c. The crackdown helped stir the nation's conscience and provoked critical comment around the world.
    d. The president denounced the protesters and praised the police for "finally standing up to lawbreakers."

    60-Second Civics is a daily podcast that provides a quick and convenient way for listeners to learn about our nation’s government, the Constitution, and our history. The podcast explores themes related to civics and government, the constitutional issues behind the headlines, and the people and ideas that formed our nation’s history and government.

    60-Second Civics is produced by the Center for Civic Education. The show's content is primarily derived from the Center’s education for democracy curricula, including We the People: The Citizen & the Constitution, Project Citizen, Foundations of Democracy, and Elements of Democracy.

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    60-Second Civics: Episode 965, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 8: The brutal crackdown On today's podcast, we discuss the brutal crackdown by police on civil rights protestors in Birmingham.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 964, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 7: The Children's March On today's episode, we discuss the Children's March.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 963, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 6: The Good Friday march Today on the podcast: protests in Birmingham, the Good Friday March, and mass arrests.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 962, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 5: The boycotts As we continue Black History Month series, we learn about the boycotts of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 961, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 4: The campaign begins Part of our Black History Month series, we explore the beginning of the Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign of 1963..
    60-Second Civics: Episode 959, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 2: James Meredith and the desegregation of the University of Mississippi. We continue our Black History Month series with a look at the desegregation of Ole Miss in 1962.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 958, The Birmingham Civil Rights Campaign, Part 1: Albany and the SCLC Today we launch our Black History month series with a discussion of the Albany campaign of 1962.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 957, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 6: Making principled arguments about the Constitution On today's episode, we conclude our discussion of returning to fundamental principles by learning what citizenship is all about.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 956, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 5: Frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. On today's episode, we discuss the importance of "frequent recurrence to fundamental principles."
    60-Second Civics: Episode 955, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 4: The fall of the Soviet Union Today we learn how the Soviet Union eventually fell apart.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 954, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 3: The Solidarity movement Today we learn about how communism collapsed in Poland.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 953, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 2: Ideas rule the world On today's podcast, we discuss the proposition that ideas matter.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 952, Returning to Fundamental Principles, Part 1: An adventure in ideas On today's podcast, we begin our brief series on fundamental principles and the American experiment in democracy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 951, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 26: Globalization, capital, and technology Today we explore the role of investment and capital in globalization and recognize the leading role of technology in globalization.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 950, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 25: Outsourcing On today's podcast, we discuss worker mobility and outsourcing.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 949, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 24: Increasing world trade Today we discuss how globalization has taken place over the years.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 948, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 23: Globalization and an example from China This episode kicks off our weeklong exploration of globalization.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 947, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 22: A less isolationist country On today's podcast, we learn how the United States became a less isolationist country.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 946, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 21: Becoming informed about international issues Today we learn how to become informed about international affairs.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 945, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 20: Contacting public officials On today's podcast, we discuss how citizens can influence party by voting and participating in nongovernmental organizations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 944, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 19: How to influence foreign policy On today's episode, we discuss the ways that Americans can influence foreign policy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 943, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 18: The United Nations and other international organizations Today we discuss the United Nations, NATO, and other international organizations
    60-Second Civics: Episode 942, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 17: The United Nations Security Council On today's episode, we discuss the United Nations Security Council.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 941, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 16: The United Nations Today we discuss the fundamental principles of the United Nations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 940, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 15: The League of Nations and the birth of the United Nations On today's episode, we discuss the formation of the League of Nations, its demise, and its successor.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 939, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 14: Problems with international law On today's podcast, we discuss some of the challenges of international law.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 938, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 13: The four ideals of international law Today we explain the four ideals of international law.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 937, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 12: International law On today's episode, we discuss the basic principles of international law.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 936, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 11: The Supreme Court and international relations Today we learn how the Supreme Court affects international diplomacy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 935, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 10: Presidential power over diplomatic relations On today's podcast, we discuss presidential authority over diplomatic relations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 934, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 9: Treaties Today we discuss the power of the president and Congress over treaties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 933, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 8: Presidential power to deal with other nations. Today we discuss the powers of the president to conduct relations with foreign nations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 932, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 7: Congress and piracy On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over piracy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 931, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 6: Congressional war powers On today's episode, we examine the power of Congress over the military.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 930, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 5: Congressional power to regulate commerce. Today we examine the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 929, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 4: Power of Congress to deal with other nations In this episode, we describe the powers of Congress to engage in international relations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 928, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 3: Isolationism is not an option We begin this episode with a look at early attitudes about isolationism and discuss whether it is still a relevant option.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 927, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 2: France and the United States An early episode of the history of the United States demonstrates the inescapble nature of international affairs.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 926, Challenges to U.S. Participation in World Affairs, Part 1: Thucydides and Machiavelli Today we examine thought behind the idea that nations must be involved in world affairs.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 925, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 10: Civil discourse in 1787 On today's podcast, we learn why compromise was important to the Constitutional Convention.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 924, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 19: A model for civil discourse On today's episode, we discuss the Framers' rules for debate during the Constitutional Convention
    60-Second Civics: Episode 923, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 8: Civil discourse On today's podcast, we examine why civil discourse is important.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 922, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 7: Are we too dependent on government? On today's episode, we examine the debate over whether Americans are too dependent on government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 921, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 6: American self-sufficiency On today's podcast, we discuss Americans' increasing reliance on government's social safety net.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 920, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 5: Challenges of technology On today's podcast, we examine how advances in technology do not guarantee that Americans are better informed.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 919, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 4: The rise of electronic communication Today we analyze how electronic communcation has changed our political system
    60-Second Civics: Episode 918, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 3: Increasing diversity and its effects Today on the podcast, we discuss the argument over the effects of increasing diversity.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 917, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 2: A nation of immigrants On today's episode, we discuss how the United States achieves unity despite diversity.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 916, Key challenges facing the United States, Part 1: A growing nation On today's podcast, we discuss how the United States is projected to change by 2050.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 915, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 24: United Nations' covenants Today we learn how the United Nations has established various covenants protecting human rights.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 914, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 23: Regional agreements On today's podcast, we learn how regional agrements have expanded human rights.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 913, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 22: Aspirational goals in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights On today's podcast, we discuss aspirational goals of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 912, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 21: Strengthening rights Today we discuss how the Universal Declaration of Human Rights strengthens some rights.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 911, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 20: The Influence of the Constitution On today's episode, we discuss what influence the Constitution had on the U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 910, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 19: The Influence of the Declaration of Independence On today's episode, we discuss what influence the Declaration of Independence had on the U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 909, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 18: The growth of human rights On the podcast today, we discuss the growth of protections for human rights during and after World War II.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 908, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 17: Positive and negative rights in contemporary charters of rights. Today on the podcast we discuss negative and positive rights in the Bill of Rights and in contemporary charters of rights.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 907, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 16: The spread of judicial review. On today's podcast, we discuss the spread of judicial review outside of the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 906, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 15: Judicial review as the enforcement mechanism of the Bill of Rights. In today's episode, we discuss how judicial review is the enforcement mechanism of the Bill of Rights.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 905, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 14: The Bill of Rights and human rights On today's podcast, we discuss why the Bill of Rights is more important now than ever.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 904, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 12: Federalism's variations On today's podcast, we discuss how federalism varies across different countries.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 903, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 12: Federalism's variations On today's podcast, we discuss how federalism varies across different countries.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 902, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 11: The influence of American federalism On today's episode, we explore American federalism and how it protects the rights of states and individuals.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 901, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 10: European mistrust of a strong executive Today we discuss Napoleon's legacy to European executive power.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 900, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 9: The perils of presidentialism On the 900th episode, we discuss an example of American presidentialism in Brazil.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 899, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 8: The American presidency Today on the podcast we compare the American presidency with the head of state in parliamentary systems.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 898, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 7: Using conventions to draft constitutions On today's podcast, we discuss how the American experience influenced the European constitutional process.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 897, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 6: The world's first written framework for national government Today we discuss how the Constitution is the world's first framework for national government and how it influence future governments.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 896, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 5: Renewed interest in American constitutionalism On today's podcast, we discuss the renewed interest in American constitutionalism after the end of the Cold War.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 895, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 4: New constitutions On today's episode, we discuss which countries have drafted new constitutions since 1991.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 894, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 3: American influence in Europe On today's episode, we discuss the influence of American constitutionalism on various European constitutions.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 893, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 2: American democratic influence Today we discuss how the American Revolution and our founding documents influenced other countries.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 892, The Influence of American Political Ideas, Part 1: Overview On today's episode, we provide an overview of the upcoming series of the influence of American political ideas.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 891, Civil Rights, Part 26: Laws forbidding discrimination against women Today we discuss laws that accomplished some of the goals of the Equal Rights Amendment.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 890, Civil Rights, Part 25: The Equal Rights Amendment On today's episode, we discuss the Equal Rights Amendment.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 889, Civil Rights, Part 24: The American Indian Movement On 60-Second Civics today, we discuss the origins and issues of the American Indian Movement.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 888, Civil Rights, Part 23: Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the United Farm Workers Union On today's episode we discuss Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the United Farm Workers Union
    60-Second Civics: Episode 887, Civil Rights, Part 22: The civil rights movement after Martin Luther King Jr. On the podcast today, we discuss how the civil rights movement changed after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 886, Civil Rights, Part 21: Supporting civil disobedience Today we explore how supporters of civil disobedience defend their arguments.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 885, Civil Rights, Part 20: Criticism of civil disobedience Today we learn about some of the criticism of civil disobedience.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 884, Civil Rights, Part 19: The ancient roots of higher law On today's 60-Second Civics, we learn about the ancient roots of the idea of civil disobedience.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 883, Civil Rights, Part 18: Thoroeau on civil disobedience On today's podcast we explore Henry David Thoreau's ideas on civil disobedience.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 882, Civil Rights, Part 17: Martin Luther King Jr. on civil disobedience Today we learn what Martin Luther King Jr. wrote about civil disobedience.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 881, Civil Rights, Part 16: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 today On today's podcast, we discuss how the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is applied today.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 878, Civil Rights, Part 13: The March on Washington During today's episode, we discuss the August 1963 March on Washington.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 877, Civil Rights, Part 13: Violence in Birmingham On today's episode, we examine the civil rights protests of 1963.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 876, Civil Rights, Part 11: Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott. On today's podcast, we discuss Rosa Parks, the NAACP, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Montgomery bus boycott.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 875, Civil Rights, Part 10: Preparation and education Today we examine the importance of preparation and education in the civil rights movement.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 874, Civil Rights, Part 9: Nonviolent direct action On today's podcast we learn about the NAACP and other civil rights organizations and examine nonviolent direct action.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 873, Civil Rights, Part 8: Resisting Jim Crow On today's episode, we discuss Jim Crow laws and the ways African Americans organized to resist them.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 872, Civil Rights, Part 7: State resistance to desegregation Today we discuss backlash against desegregation in the South.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 870, Civil Rights, Part 5: Discrimination's lasting impact Today we learn why the Brown v. Board of Education decisions were not universally popular.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 869, Civil Rights, Part 4: Desegregation and the Supreme Court Today we discuss the two Brown v. Board of Education decisions.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 868, Civil Rights, Part 3: De facto segregation Today we define de facto segregation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 867, Civil Rights, Part 2: De jure segregation On today's podcast, we define de jure segregation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 866, Civil Rights, Part 1: Introduction In this episode, we introduce our series on civil rights in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 865, Civic Engagement, Part 21: Serving the common good Today we discuss why Americans should serve the common good.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 864, Civic Engagement, Part 20: Self-interest and the common good Today we discuss the link between self-interest and the common good.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 863, Civic Engagement, Part 19: Benefits of civic engagement On today's podcast, we discuss the benefits of civic engagement.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 862, Civic Engagement, Part 18: Making voting easier On today's podcast, we discuss how states are making it easier for citizens to vote.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 861, Civic Engagement, Part 17: Voter registration and voting On today's episode, we discuss registering to vote and voting.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 860, Civic Engagement, Part 16: Elections Today we discuss how elections work in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 859, Civic Engagement, Part 15: Influencing the executive branch On today's podcast, we discuss howe citizens can influence the executive branch.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 858, Civic Engagement, Part 14: Contacting your representatives Today we learn how citizens can communicate with members of Congress and other national officials.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 857, Civic Engagement, Part 13: Public participation in national politics Today we learn how citizens can participate in national politics.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 856, Civic Engagement, Part 12: State governments On today's podcast, we learn about the significance of state government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 855, Civic Engagement, Part 11: Local government Today we examine the role of local government and the responsibilities of citizens.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 854, Civic Engagement, Part 10: Citizenship and local government On today's podcast, we discuss the role of local government in developing qualities of citizenship and self-government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 853, Civic Engagement, Part 9: Nongovernmental organizations Today, we discuss the role nongovernmental organizations play in American civic life.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 852, Civic Engagement, Part 8: Service and business organizations On today's episode, we discuss the role service and business organizations play in civic life in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 851, Civic Engagement, Part 7: Social organizations On today's episode, we discuss the role social organizations play in civic life in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 850, Civic Engagement, Part 6: Religious organizations and civic life Today we discuss the participation of Americans in religious organizations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 849, Civic Engagement, Part 5: Voluntary associations Today we explain why people in the United States participate in voluntary associations.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 848, Civic Engagement, Part 4: Toqueville and voluntary associations On today's episode, we discuss Alexis de Toqueville's impressions of voluntary associations in America.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 847, Civic Engagement, Part 3: Participation in civic life Today we discuss the benefits of participating in civic life.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 846, Civic Engagement, Part 2: The American experiment in self-government On today's podcast, we discuss the American experiment in self-government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 845, Civic Engagement, Part 1: Introduction On today's podcast, we begin our discussion of civic engagement.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 844, Citizenship, Part 31: Responsibilities of citizens Today we discuss the responsibilities of American citizens.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 843, Citizenship, Part 30: Alien voting On the podcast today, we discuss whether noncitizens should be allowed to vote in American elections.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 842, Citizenship, Part 29: The right to vote is not universal Today we discuss which citizens of the United States generally do not qualify to vote in national elections.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 841, Citizenship, Part 28: Citizenship and public office On today's episode, we discuss the right of citizens to and residents to vote and hold public office.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 840, Citizenship, Part 27: Rights of naturalized citizens On today's episode, we examine the rights of naturalized citizens.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 839, Citizenship, Part 26: Giving up U.S. citizenship On today's podcast, we discuss the various ways in which a person could give up U.S. citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 838, Citizenship, Part 25: Citizenship cannot be taken away Today we discuss how the Eighth Amendment prohibits the government from stripping a person of their citizenship as a form of punishment.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 837, Citizenship, Part 24: Controversy surrounding dual national citizenship On today's podcast, we discuss arguments for and against dual national citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 836, Citizenship, Part 23: Dual national citizenship as public policy Today we examine the public policy issues surrounding dual national citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 835, Citizenship, Part 22: Dual National Citizenship On today's episode, we discuss dual national citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 833, Citizenship, Part 20: The Indian Citizenship Act On the podcast today, we describe the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 832, Citizenship, Part 19: Government policy and Native American citizenship On today's episode, we describe the constitutional relationship between Native American tribes and the U.S. government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 831, Citizenship, Part 18: Native American citizenship Today we begin our discussion of the legal status of Native Americans in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 830, Citizenship, Part 17: Criteria for naturalization On today's podcast, we discuss the criteria for naturalization as an American citizen.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 829, Citizenship, Part 16: Naturalization Today we learn about how U.S. citizenship can be obtained through naturalization.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 828, Citizenship, Part 15: Out of many, one On today's episode, we discuss citizenship, federalism, and the sentiment embodied by E Pluribus Unum.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 827, Citizenship, Part 14: The Fourteenth Amendment defines citizenship On today's episode, we examine how the Fourteenth Amendment defines national citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 826, Citizenship, Part 13: National Citizenship, African Americans, and the Constitutional Convention On the podcast today, we discuss why delegates to the Constitutional Convention could not agree on a definition of citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 825, Citizenship, Part 12: Tension between state and national citizenship in the early republic Today we discuss the problem of national identity in the early United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 824, Citizenship, Part 11: Citizenship requirements after the American Revolution On the podcast today, we explore requirements for citizenship in post-Revolutionary America.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 823, Citizenship, Part 10: Evolving ideas about citizenship On today's podcast, we discuss Americans' evolving ideas about citizenship.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 822, Citizenship, Part 8: Alexis de Tocqueville on civic virtue in the United States Citizenship, Part 8: Alexis de Tocqueville on civic virtue in the United States
    60-Second Civics: Episode 821, Citizenship, Part 8: Alexis de Tocqueville on civic virtue in the United States Citizenship, Part 8: Alexis de Tocqueville on civic virtue in the United States
    60-Second Civics: Episode 820, Citizenship, Part 7: Alexis de Tocqueville ponders America Citizenship, Part 7: Alexis de Tocqueville ponders America
    60-Second Civics: Episode 819, Citizenship, Part 6: The Founders, religion, and education Citizenship, Part 6: The Founders, religion, and education
    60-Second Civics: Episode 818, Citizenship, Part 5: How can civic virtue and self-interest coexist? Citizenship, Part 5: How can civic virtue and self-interest coexist?
    60-Second Civics: Episode 817, Citizenship, Part 4: Natural rights and the Founders Today we learn the principles of natural rights philosophy and how this philosophy influenced the Founders.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 816, Citizenship, Part 3: Early American political life In this episode, we learn about the characteristics of early American political life.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 815, Citizenship, Part 2: Classical republicanism Citizenship, Part 2: Classical republicanism
    60-Second Civics: Episode 814, Citizenship, Part 1: Introduction to citizenship Citizenship, Part 1: Introduction to citizenship
    60-Second Civics: Episode 813, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 24: The Supreme Court and capital punishment Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 24: The Supreme Court and capital punishment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 812, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 23: Capital punishment Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 23: Capital punishment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 811, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 22: No cruel and unusual punishments Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 22: No cruel and unusual punishments
    60-Second Civics: Episode 810, Episode 810: Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 21: Prohibition of excessive fines Episode 810: Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 21: Prohibition of excessive fines
    60-Second Civics: Episode 809, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 20: No double jeopardy Today we learn about double jeopardy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 808, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 19: Jury composition On today's episode, we examine the requirement for unanimous verdicts.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 807, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 18: Jury size Today we learn whether juries are required in all criminal cases and whether juries must be composed of 12 people.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 806, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 17: Right to trial by an impartial jury Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 17: Right to trial by an impartial jury
    60-Second Civics: Episode 805, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 16: Right to counsel, right to confront Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 16: Right to counsel, right to confront
    60-Second Civics: Episode 804, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 15: Responding to pretrial publicity Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 15: Responding to pretrial publicity
    60-Second Civics: Episode 803, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 14: Celebrity justice Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 14: Celebrity justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 802, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 13: Public trial vs. a fair trial Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 13: Public trial vs. a fair trial
    60-Second Civics: Episode 801, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 12: Right to a speedy and public trial Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 12: Right to a speedy and public trial
    60-Second Civics: Episode 800, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 11: Criminal trial Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 11: Criminal trial
    60-Second Civics: Episode 799, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 10: Adversary and inquisitorial systems of justice Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 10: Adversary and inquisitorial systems of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 798, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 9: Right to counsel Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 9: Right to counsel
    60-Second Civics: Episode 797, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 8: Bail Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 8: Bail
    60-Second Civics: Episode 796, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 7: State indictment procedures Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 7: State indictment procedures
    60-Second Civics: Episode 795, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 6: Indictments Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 6: Indictments
    60-Second Civics: Episode 794, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 5: Plea agreements Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 5: Plea agreements
    60-Second Civics: Episode 793, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 4: The importance of the pretrial period Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 4: The importance of the pretrial period
    60-Second Civics: Episode 792, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 3: Procedural rights Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 3: Procedural rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 791, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 2: Protecting the innocent Today we discuss how the procedural rules of the Bill of Rights protect the innocent.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 790, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, Part 1: Introduction On today's episode, we introduce our series on the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 789, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 19: Dickerson v. United States Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 19: Dickerson v. United States
    60-Second Civics: Episode 788, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 18: Miranda v. Arizona On the podcast today, we look at the 1966 Supreme Court case, Miranda v. Arizona.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 787, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 17: Limits of self-incrimination protections On the podcast today, we learn that the Fifth Amendment is a personal right and what this fact means.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 786, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 16: Self-incrimination's history Today we learn about the Fifth Amendment's limitation of the government's power to obtain incriminating statements.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 785, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 15: Right against self-incrimination On the podcast today, we learn about the right against self-incrimination and use immunity.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 784, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 14: When warrants are not required Today we learn about when warrants are not required.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 783, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 13: Alternatives to the exclusionary rule On today's podcast, we learn about other ways to check the abuse of power by law enforcement.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 782, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 12: Exceptions to exclusionary rule requirements Today we learn about the Supreme Court's modifications to the exclusionary rule.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 781, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 11: The exclusionary rule extended to states On today's episode, we discuss how the exclusionary rule has been extended to the states.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 780, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 10: The exclusionary rule Today we discuss the exclusionary rule.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 779, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 9: When warrants are not required On the podcast today, we discuss time when law enforcement officers are not required to obtain a warrant?
    60-Second Civics: Episode 778, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 8: Warrants and probable cause Today we discuss the Fourth Amendment's requirement for police to obtain a warrant.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 777, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 7: Privacy On today's episode, we explore the Fourth Amendment's privacy protections.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 776, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 6: Tyranny and unreasonable search and seizure On today's podcast, we discuss Justice Robert Jackson's observation about unreasonable searches and seizures.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 775, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 5: Description of the Fourth Amendment Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 5: Description of the Fourth Amendment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 774, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 4: General warrants and the American Revolution Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 4: General warrants and the American Revolution
    60-Second Civics: Episode 773, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 3: General warrants in the American colonies Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 3: General warrants in the American colonies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 772, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 2: Warrants and general warrants Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 2: Warrants and general warrants
    60-Second Civics: Episode 771, Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 1: Introduction Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Part 1: Introduction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 770, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 14: Tocqueville on American public spirit Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 14: Tocqueville on American public spirit
    60-Second Civics: Episode 769, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 13: Examples of government regulation of private groups Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 13: Examples of government regulation of private groups
    60-Second Civics: Episode 768, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 12: Government regulation of private groups Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 12: Government regulation of private groups
    60-Second Civics: Episode 767, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 11: Supreme Court cases regarding the right to associate Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 11: Supreme Court cases regarding the right to associate and the Supreme Court
    60-Second Civics: Episode 766, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 10: Introduction to the right of association Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 10: Introduction to the right of associationToday we discuss two criteria for deciding time, place, and manner restrictions in freedom of assembly cases.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 765, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 9: Assembly and time, place, and manner restrictions Today we discuss two criteria for deciding time, place, and manner restrictions in freedom of assembly cases.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 764, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 8: Restrictions on free assembly On today's episode, we discuss freedom of assembly.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 763, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 7: The right to petition today Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 7: The right to petition today
    60-Second Civics: Episode 762, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 6: Women's use of petition and assembly to gain civil rights Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 6: Women's use of petition and assembly to gain civil rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 761, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 5: Suppression of speech in the United States Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 5: Suppression of speech in the United States
    60-Second Civics: Episode 760, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 4: Petition and gag rule Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 4: Petition and gag rule
    60-Second Civics: Episode 759, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 3: The right to petition and the American Revolution Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 3: The right to petition and the American Revolution
    60-Second Civics: Episode 758, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 2: Rights of Assembly and Petition Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 2: Rights to Assembly and Petition
    60-Second Civics: Episode 757, Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 1: Overview Freedom to Assemble, Petition, and Associate, Part 1: Overview
    60-Second Civics: Episode 756, Freedom of Speech, Part 17: The Brandenburg Test Freedom of Speech, Part 17: The Brandenburg Test
    60-Second Civics: Episode 755, Freedom of Speech, Part 16: Freedom of expression in times of war Freedom of Speech, Part 16: Freedom of expression in times of war
    60-Second Civics: Episode 754, Freedom of Speech, Part 15: Least restrictive means Freedom of Speech, Part 15: Least restrictive means
    60-Second Civics: Episode 752, Freedom of Speech, Part 13: Time, place, and manner restrictions Freedom of Speech, Part 13: Time, place, and manner restrictions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 751, Freedom of Speech, Part 12: Unfair discrimination and speech Freedom of Speech, Part 12: Unfair discrimination and speech
    60-Second Civics: Episode 750, Freedom of Speech, Part 11: Supreme Court rules on limiting free expression Freedom of Speech, Part 11: Supreme Court rules on limiting free expression
    60-Second Civics: Episode 749, Freedom of Speech, Part 10: Limiting freedom of expression Freedom of Speech, Part 10: Limiting freedom of expression
    60-Second Civics: Episode 748, Freedom of Speech, Part 9: Government suppression of speech Freedom of Speech, Part 9: Government suppression of speech
    60-Second Civics: Episode 747, Freedom of Speech, Part 8: John Peter Zenger and seditious libel Freedom of Speech, Part 8: John Peter Zenger and seditious libel
    60-Second Civics: Episode 746, Freedom of Speech, Part 7: Sedition Act Freedom of Speech, Part 7: Sedition Act
    60-Second Civics: Episode 745, Freedom of Speech, Part 6: Seditious libel Freedom of Speech, Part 6: Seditious libel
    60-Second Civics: Episode 744, Freedom of Speech, Part 5: Social change, individual rights Freedom of Speech, Part 5: Social change, individual rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 743, Freedom of Speech, Part 4: Advancement of knowledge; representative government Freedom of Speech, Part 4: Advancement of knowledge; representative government
    60-Second Civics: Episode 742, Freedom of Speech, Part 3: Individual growth and human dignity Freedom of Speech, Part 3: Individual growth and human dignity
    60-Second Civics: Episode 741, Freedom of Speech, Part 2: Origins of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, Part 2: Origins of the First Amendment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 740, Freedom of Speech, Part 1: Introduction Freedom of Speech, Part 1: Introduction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 739, Freedom of Religion, Part 18: Free exercise test Freedom of Religion, Part 18: Free exercise test
    60-Second Civics: Episode 738, Freedom of Religion, Part 17: Free exercise and student rights Freedom of Religion, Part 17: Free exercise and student rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 737, Freedom of Religion, Part 16: Free exercise clause and the Supreme Court Freedom of Religion, Part 16: Free exercise clause and the Supreme Court
    60-Second Civics: Episode 736, Freedom of Religion, Part 15: Free exercise clause Freedom of Religion, Part 15: Free exercise clause
    60-Second Civics: Episode 735, Freedom of Religion, Part 14: Analysis of establishment clause cases Freedom of Religion, Part 14: Analysis of establishment clause cases
    60-Second Civics: Episode 734, Freedom of Religion, Part 13: Literal interpretation Freedom of Religion, Part 13: Literal interpretation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 733, Freedom of Religion, Part 12: Narrow interpretation Today we discuss the narrow interpretation of the establishment clause.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 732, Freedom of Religion, Part 11: Broad interpretation On today's podcast, we identify the three categories interpretation of the establishment clause.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 731, Freedom of Religion, Part 10: Incorporation of church and state separation Today we examine the disappearance of established religion in the states.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 730, Freedom of Religion, Part 9: States separate church and state On the podcast today, we learn about the development of religious tolerance in early America.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 729, Freedom of Religion, Part 8: Established religion Today we describe eighteenth-century American attitudes about established religion.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 728, Freedom of Religion, Part 7: Early American views on freedom of belief In this episode, we examine early American views on religion, character, and freedom of belief.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 727, Freedom of Religion, Part 6: The Great Awakening Freedom of Religion, Part 6: The Great Awakening
    60-Second Civics: Episode 726, Freedom of Religion, Part 5: Rhode Island Freedom of Religion, Part 5: Rhode Island
    60-Second Civics: Episode 725, Freedom of Religion, Part 4: Religious persecution in the American colonies Freedom of Religion, Part 4: Religious persecution in the American colonies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 724, Freedom of Religion, Part 3: Europeans accept the legitimacy of established churches Freedom of Religion, Part 3: Europeans accept the legitimacy of established churches
    60-Second Civics: Episode 723, Freedom of Religion, Part 2: Violence during the Reformation Freedom of Religion, Part 2: Violence during the Reformation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 722, Freedom of Religion, Part 1: Introduction to establishment and free exercise Freedom of Religion, Part 1: Introduction to establishment and free exercise
    60-Second Civics: Episode 721, Bill of Rights, Part 24: The fame and obscurity of the Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, Part 24: The fame and obscurity of the Bill of Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 720, Bill of Rights, Part 23: Incorporation Bill of Rights, Part 23: Incorporation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 719, Bill of Rights, Part 22: Conflict over the Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, Part 22: Conflict over the Bill of Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 718, Bill of Rights, Part 21: Rights protected in the Constitution Bill of Rights, Part 21: Rights protected in the Constitution
    60-Second Civics: Episode 717, Bill of Rights, Part 20: The Tenth Amendment Bill of Rights, Part 20: The Tenth Amendment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 716, Bill of Rights, Part 19: The Ninth Amendment Bill of Rights, Part 19: The Ninth Amendment
    60-Second Civics: Episode 715, Bill of Rights, Part 18: The Third Amendment and rights Bill of Rights, Part 18: The Third Amendment and rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 714, Bill of Rights, Part 17: The Second Amendment and rights Bill of Rights, Part 17: The Second Amendment and rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 713, Bill of Rights, Part 16: Negative rights Bill of Rights, Part 16: Negative rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 712, Bill of Rights, Part 15: Positive rights in the Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, Part 15: Positive rights in the Bill of Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 711, Bill of Rights, Part 14: Positive rights Bill of Rights, Part 14: Positive rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 710, Bill of Rights, Part 13: Political rights Bill of Rights, Part 13: Political rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 709, Bill of Rights, Part 12: Economic rights Bill of Rights, Part 12: Economic rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 708, Bill of Rights, Part 11: Personal rights Bill of Rights, Part 11: Personal rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 707, Bill of Rights, Part 10: The rights of categories of people and institutions Bill of Rights, Part 10: The rights of categories of people and institutions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 706, Bill of Rights, Part 9: The rights of individuals Bill of Rights, Part 9: The rights of individuals
    60-Second Civics: Episode 705, Bill of Rights, Part 8: Bills of rights in state constitutions Bill of Rights, Part 8: Bills of rights in state constitutions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 704, Bill of Rights, Part 7: Virginia Declaration of Rights and limits on government Bill of Rights, Part 7: Virginia Declaration of Rights and limits on government
    60-Second Civics: Episode 703, Bill of Rights, Part 6: Virginia Declaration of Rights, Sections 2 and 3 Bill of Rights, Part 6: Virginia Declaration of Rights, Sections 2 and 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 702, Bill of Rights, Part 5: Virginia Declaration of Rights, Section 1 Bill of Rights, Part 5: Virginia Declaration of Rights, Section 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 701, Bill of Rights, Part 4: Binding bills of rights Bill of Rights, Part 4: Binding bills of rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 700, Bill of Rights, Part 3: The English Bill of Rights of 1689 Bill of Rights, Part 3: The English Bill of Rights of 1689
    60-Second Civics: Episode 699, Bill of Rights, Part 2: The Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, Part 2: The Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 698, Bill of Rights, Part 1: Introduction Today, we begin an examination of bills of rights in general, and the U.S. Bill of Rights in particular.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 697, Federalism, Part 27: Recall Today we learn about the process called recall.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 696, Federalism, Part 26: Referendums Today we learn about referendums.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 695, Federalism, Part 25: Initiatives Today we learn about direct and indirect initiatives.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 694, Federalism, Part 24: States as laboratories of democracy On today's podcast we discuss the states as laboratories of democracy.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 693, Federalism, Part 23: Grants-in-aid and federal influence over the states On today's episode, we discuss how federal grants-in-aid allow the national government to influence the states.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 692, Federalism, Part 22: The Great Depression changes federalism Today we discuss how the Great Depression profoundly changed American federalism.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 691, Federalism, Part 21: Grants-in-aid and the expansion of federal power On today's episode, we discuss the origins of federal grants-in-aid.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 690, Federalism, Part 20: The regulatory powers of Congress over the interstate market in drugs On the podcast today, we examine Gonzalez v. Raich.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 689, Federalism, Part 19: State and federal clashes over commerce On today's episode, we explore one example of state and federal conflict over commerce.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 688, Federalism, Part 18: The states and federalism Today we explain how states and the federal government share authority.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 687, Federalism, Part 18: The states and federalism Today we explain how states and the federal government share authority.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 686, Federalism, Part 16: State constitutional amendments Today we examine how states have recently responded to the debate over same-sex marriage.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 685, Federalism, Part 15: State constitutions and amendments On today's episode, we discuss state constitutions and efforts to amend them.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 684, Federalism, Part 14: Special districts Federalism, Part 14: Special districts
    60-Second Civics: Episode 683, Federalism, Part 13: Cities and townships Federalism, Part 13: Cities and townships
    60-Second Civics: Episode 682, Federalism, Part 12: Counties Federalism, Part 12: Counties
    60-Second Civics: Episode 681, Federalism, Part 11: Local governments Federalism, Part 11: Local governments
    60-Second Civics: Episode 680, Federalism, Part 10: State judicial systems Federalism, Part 10: State judicial systems
    60-Second Civics: Episode 679, Federalism, Part 9: Governors and the state bureaucracy Federalism, Part 9: Governors and the state bureaucracy
    60-Second Civics: Episode 678, Federalism, Part 8: State legislatures Federalism, Part 8: State legislatures
    60-Second Civics: Episode 677, Federalism, Part 7: State constitutions and state bills of rights Federalism, Part 7: State constitutions and state bills of rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 676, Federalism, Part 6: Government needs popular support Today we learn about the tension between the supremacy clause and the powers of the states.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 675, Federalism, Part 5: Police powers On today's episode, we explore the police powers of government.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 674, Federalism, Part 4: Powers of the states Federalism, Part 4: Powers of the states
    60-Second Civics: Episode 673, Federalism, Part 3: The important role of the states Federalism, Part 3: The important role of the states
    60-Second Civics: Episode 672, Federalism, Part 2: Federalism in the early United States Federalism, Part 2: Federalism in the early United States
    60-Second Civics: Episode 671, Federalism, Part 1: Introduction to federalism Federalism, Part 1: Introduction to federalism
    60-Second Civics: Episode 670, The Supreme Court, Part 20: Congressional checks on Court power The Supreme Court, Part 20: Congressional checks on Court power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 669, The Supreme Court, Part 19: Congress as a check on the Supreme Court The Supreme Court, Part 19: Congress as a check on the Supreme Court
    60-Second Civics: Episode 668, The Supreme Court, Part 18: Presidents as limiting Supreme Court power On today's episode, we examine presidential power over the Supreme Court and its decisions.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 667, The Supreme Court, Part 17: Self-imposed limits on the power of the Supreme Court On today's podcast, we examine self-imposed limits on the power of the Supreme Court
    60-Second Civics: Episode 666, The Supreme Court, Part 16: Checks on the power of the Supreme Court Today, we introduce the ways in which the power of the Supreme Court is limited.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 665, The Supreme Court, Part 15: Instrumentalism Instrumentalism as a method of constitutional interpretation is the topic of today's podcast.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 664, The Supreme Court, Part 14: Fundamental principles What is the fundamental principles method of constitutional interpretation? We find out on today's episode.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 663, The Supreme Court, Part 13: Original intent Today we explore the original intent method of constitutional interpretation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 662, The Supreme Court, Part 12: Strict construction In today's episode, we learn about the strict construction method of constitutional interpretation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 661, The Supreme Court, Part 11: Constitutional interpretation The Supreme Court, Part 11: Constitutional interpretation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 660, The Supreme Court, Part 10: Written opinions The Supreme Court, Part 10: Written opinions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 659, The Supreme Court, Part 9: Fewer cases decided The Supreme Court, Part 9: Fewer cases decided
    60-Second Civics: Episode 658, The Supreme Court, Part 8: Granting a writ of certiorari The Supreme Court, Part 8: Granting a writ of certiorari
    60-Second Civics: Episode 657, The Supreme Court, Part 7: Writs of certiorari The Supreme Court, Part 7: Writs of certiorari
    60-Second Civics: Episode 656, The Supreme Court, Part 6: Three-tiered system of national courts The Supreme Court, Part 6: Three-tiered system of national courts
    60-Second Civics: Episode 655, The Supreme Court, Part 5: Appellate jurisdiction The Supreme Court, Part 5: Appellate jurisdiction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 654, The Supreme Court, Part 4: Original jurisdiction Today we discuss original jursidictiion and how it applies to the Supreme Court.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 653, The Supreme Court, Part 3: Judicial review and jurisdiction On today's episode, we discuss the Supreme Court's power of judicial review and its jurisdiction.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 652, The Supreme Court, Part 2: Constitutional powers The Supreme Court, Part 2: Constitutional powers
    60-Second Civics: Episode 651, The Supreme Court: Part 1: Introduction The Supreme Court: Part 1: Introduction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 650, Administrative Agencies, Part 21: Federalism as a check on the power of administrative agencies Administrative Agencies, Part 21: Federalism as a check on the power of administrative agencies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 649, Administrative Agencies, Part 20: Citizens, interest groups, and the media as watchdogs Administrative Agencies, Part 20: Citizens, interest groups, and the media as watchdogs
    60-Second Civics: Episode 648, Administrative Agencies, Part 19: Judicial checks on administrative power Administrative Agencies, Part 19: Judicial checks on administrative power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 647, Administrative Agencies, Part 18: Congressional committees as checks on administrative power Administrative Agencies, Part 18: Congressional committees as checks on administrative power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 646, Administrative Agencies, Part 17: Congressional checks on administrative power Administrative Agencies, Part 17: Congressional checks on administrative power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 645, Administrative Agencies, Part 16: Executive checks on administrative power Administrative Agencies, Part 16: Executive checks on administrative power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 644, Administrative Agencies, Part 15: Checks on administrative power Administrative Agencies, Part 15: Checks on administrative power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 643, Administrative Agencies, Part 14: New administrations and political appointees Administrative Agencies, Part 14: New administrations and political appointees
    60-Second Civics: Episode 642, Administrative Agencies, Part 13: Presidential appointees to federal agencies Administrative Agencies, Part 13: Presidential appointees to federal agencies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 641, Administrative Agencies, Part 12: The Hatch Act Administrative Agencies, Part 12: The Hatch Act
    60-Second Civics: Episode 640, Administrative Agencies, Part 11: The civil service Administrative Agencies, Part 11: The civil service
    60-Second Civics: Episode 639, Administrative Agencies, Part 10: Shrinking the national bureaucracy Administrative Agencies, Part 10: Shrinking the national bureaucracy
    60-Second Civics: Episode 638, Administrative Agencies, Part 9: Growth of the national bureaucracy Administrative Agencies, Part 9: Growth of the national bureaucracy
    60-Second Civics: Episode 637, Administrative Agencies, Part 8: Administrative Procedure Act Administrative Agencies, Part 8: Administrative Procedure Act
    60-Second Civics: Episode 636, Administrative Agencies, Part 7: The Internal Revenue Service Administrative Agencies, Part 7: The Internal Revenue Service
    60-Second Civics: Episode 635, Administrative Agencies, Part 6: Quasi-legislative and judicial powers Administrative Agencies, Part 6: Quasi-legislative and judicial powers
    60-Second Civics: Episode 634, Administrative Agencies, Part 5: Independent agencies Administrative Agencies, Part 5: Independent agencies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 633, Administrative Agencies, Part 4: Executive Office of the President Administrative Agencies, Part 4: Executive Office of the President
    60-Second Civics: Episode 632, Administrative Agencies, Part 3: Executive departments Administrative Agencies, Part 3: Executive departments
    60-Second Civics: Episode 631, Administrative Agencies, Part 2: Creation and expansion Administrative Agencies, Part 2: Creation and expansion
    60-Second Civics: Episode 630, Administrative Agencies, Part 1: An introduction Administrative Agencies, Part 1: An introduction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 629, The Role of the President, Part 34: Presidential power The Role of the President, Part 34: Presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 628, The Role of the President, Part 33: Checks on the executive's powers The Role of the President, Part 33: Checks on the executive's powers
    60-Second Civics: Episode 627, The Role of the President, Part 32: Parliamentary system of government The Role of the President, Part 32: Parliamentary system of government
    60-Second Civics: Episode 626, The Role of the President, Part 31: Parliament and the prime minister The Role of the President, Part 31: Parliament and the prime minister
    60-Second Civics: Episode 625, The Role of the President, Part 30: Limits by civil servants and the public The Role of the President, Part 30: Limits by civil servants and the public
    60-Second Civics: Episode 624, The Role of the President, Part 29: Supreme Court checks on presidential power The Role of the President, Part 29: Supreme Court checks on presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 623, The Role of the President, Part 28: Strong limits to presidential power The Role of the President, Part 28: Strong limits to presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 622, The Role of the President, Part 27: Senate checks on presidential power The Role of the President, Part 27: Senate checks on presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 621, The Role of the President, Part 26: Limiting the president's agenda The Role of the President, Part 26: Limiting the president's agenda
    60-Second Civics: Episode 620, The Role of the President, Part 25: Limiting presidential power The Role of the President, Part 25: Limiting presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 619, The Role of the President, Part 24: Executive orders The Role of the President, Part 24: Executive orders
    60-Second Civics: Episode 618, The Role of the President, Part 23: The energetic executive in practice The Role of the President, Part 23: The energetic executive in practice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 617, The Role of the President, Part 22: Energy in the executive The Role of the President, Part 22: Energy in the executive
    60-Second Civics: Episode 616, The Role of the President, Part 21: Assertions of presidential authority The Role of the President, Part 21: Assertions of presidential authority
    60-Second Civics: Episode 615, The Role of the President, Part 20: Lincoln and Roosevelt respond to crises The Role of the President, Part 20: Lincoln and Roosevelt respond to crises
    60-Second Civics: Episode 614, The Role of the President: Part 19: Reining in presidential power The Role of the President: Part 19: Reining in presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 613, The Role of the President: Part 18: Presidential powers during emergencies The Role of the President: Part 18: Presidential powers during emergencies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 612, The Role of the President: Part 17: The president and foreign policy The Role of the President: Part 17: The president and foreign policy
    60-Second Civics: Episode 611, The Role of the President: Part 16: The president's power to make treaties The Role of the President: Part 16: The president's power to make treaties
    60-Second Civics: Episode 610, The Role of the President: Part 15: The president as commander in chief The Role of the President: Part 15: The president as commander in chief
    60-Second Civics: Episode 609, The Role of the President: Part 14: The president as leader of foreign policy The Role of the President: Part 14: The president as leader of foreign policy
    60-Second Civics: Episode 608, The Role of the President: Part 13: Serving in FDR's shadow The Role of the President: Part 13: Serving in FDR's shadow
    60-Second Civics: Episode 607, The Role of the President: Part 12: Franklin D. Roosevelt The Role of the President: Part 12: Franklin D. Roosevelt
    60-Second Civics: Episode 606, The Role of the President: Part 11: Roosevelt and Wilson The Role of the President: Part 11: Roosevelt and Wilson
    60-Second Civics: Episode 605, The Role of the President: Part 10: Lincoln and the powerful modern presidency The Role of the President: Part 10: Lincoln and the powerful modern presidency
    60-Second Civics: Episode 604, The Role of the President: Part 9: Jackson and the powerful modern presidency The Role of the President: Part 9: Jackson and the powerful modern presidency
    60-Second Civics: Episode 603, The Role of the President: Part 8: An energetic executive The Role of the President: Part 8: An energetic executive
    60-Second Civics: Episode 602, The Role of the President: Part 7: Thomas Jefferson and the presidency The Role of the President: Part 7: Thomas Jefferson and the presidency
    60-Second Civics: Episode 601, The Role of the President: Part 6: Framer's views of the presidency The Role of the President: Part 6: Framer's views of the presidency
    60-Second Civics: Episode 600, The Role of the President: Part 5: Controversial assertions of presidential power The Role of the President: Part 5: Controversial assertions of presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 599, The Role of the President: Part 4: Assessing presidential power The Role of the President: Part 4: Assessing presidential power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 598, The Role of the President: Part 3: The president as chief executive The Role of the President: Part 3: The president as chief executive
    60-Second Civics: Episode 597, The Role of the President: Part 2: Listed powers of the president The Role of the President: Part 2: Listed powers of the president
    60-Second Civics: Episode 596, The Role of the President: Part 1: Introduction The Role of the President: Part 1: Introduction
    60-Second Civics: Episode 595, How Congress functions: Part 32: Impeachment and maladministration How Congress functions: Part 32: Impeachment and maladministration
    60-Second Civics: Episode 594, How Congress functions: Part 31: Using the impeachment power How Congress functions: Part 31: Using the impeachment power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 593, How Congress functions: Part 30: Impeachment power of Congress How Congress functions: Part 30: Impeachment power of Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 592, How Congress functions: Part 29: Investigative power of Congress How Congress functions: Part 29: Investigative power of Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 591, How Congress functions: Part 28: Effective lobbying How Congress functions: Part 28: Effective lobbying
    60-Second Civics: Episode 590, How Congress functions: Part 27: Lobbying How Congress functions: Part 27: Lobbying
    60-Second Civics: Episode 589, How Congress functions: Part 26: Civic engagement How Congress functions: Part 26: Civic engagement
    60-Second Civics: Episode 588, How Congress functions: Part 25: The executive as a source of legislation How Congress functions: Part 25: The executive as a source of legislation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 587, How Congress functions: Part 24: How legislation is initiated How Congress functions: Part 24: How legislation is initiated
    60-Second Civics: Episode 586, How Congress functions: Part 23: Landmark legislation How Congress functions: Part 23: Landmark legislation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 585, How Congress functions: Part 22: The protection of rights How Congress functions: Part 22: The protection of rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 584, How Congress functions: Part 21: Majority support How Congress functions: Part 21: Majority support
    60-Second Civics: Episode 583, How Congress functions: Part 20: Vetoes and overrides How Congress functions: Part 20: Vetoes and overrides
    60-Second Civics: Episode 582, How Congress functions: Part 19: Conference committees How Congress functions: Part 19: Conference committees
    60-Second Civics: Episode 581, How Congress functions: Part 18: Mark-up sessions How Congress functions: Part 18: Mark-up sessions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 580, How Congress functions: Part 17: Bills in committee How Congress functions: Part 17: Bills in committee
    60-Second Civics: Episode 579, How Congress functions: Part 16: How a bill becomes a law How Congress functions: Part 16: How a bill becomes a law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 578, How Congress functions: Part 15: Resolutions How Congress functions: Part 15: Resolutions
    60-Second Civics: Episode 577, How Congress functions: Part 14: House Whips How Congress functions: Part 14: House Whips
    60-Second Civics: Episode 576, How Congress functions: Part 13: Tiebreaking vice presidents How Congress functions: Part 13: Tiebreaking vice presidents
    60-Second Civics: Episode 575, How Congress functions: Part 12: Senate leadership How Congress functions: Part 12: Senate leadership
    60-Second Civics: Episode 574, How Congress functions: Part 11: House Speaker partisanship How Congress functions: Part 11: House Speaker partisanship
    60-Second Civics: Episode 573, How Congress functions: Part 10: Political party control How Congress functions: Part 10: Political party control
    60-Second Civics: Episode 572, How Congress functions: Part 9: Powerful House committee chairs How Congress functions: Part 8: Powerful House committee chairs
    60-Second Civics: Episode 571, How Congress functions: Part 8: The Speaker of the House How Congress functions: Part 8: The Speaker of the House
    60-Second Civics: Episode 570, How Congress functions: Part 7: Political party control How Congress functions: Part 7: Political party control
    60-Second Civics: Episode 569, How Congress functions: Part 7: Senate rules and filibusters How Congress functions: Part 7: Senate rules and filibusters
    60-Second Civics: Episode 568, How Congress functions: Part 6 How Congress functions: Part 6
    60-Second Civics: Episode 567, How Congress functions: Part 5 How Congress functions: Part 5
    60-Second Civics: Episode 566, How Congress functions: Part 4: Select committees How Congress functions: Part 4: Select committees
    60-Second Civics: Episode 565, How Congress functions: Part 3 How Congress functions: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 564, How Congress functions: Part 2 How Congress functions: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 563, How Congress functions: Part 1 How Congress functions: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 562, Congress: Serving constituents, Part 3 Congress: Serving constituents, Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 561, Congress: Serving constituents, Part 2 Congress: Serving constituents, Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 560, Congress: Serving constituents, Part 1 Congress: Serving constituents, Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 559, The challenges of representation The challenges of representation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 558, Trustee vs. delegate theories of representation Trustee vs. delegate theories of representation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 557, Congressional districts: Part 5 Congressional districts: Part 5
    60-Second Civics: Episode 556, Congressional districts: Part 4 Congressional districts: Part 4
    60-Second Civics: Episode 555, Congressional districts: Part 3 Congressional districts: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 554, Congressional districts: Part 2 Congressional districts: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 553, Congressional districts: Part 1 Congressional districts: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 552, Congress and the states: Part 2 Congress and the states: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 551, Congress and the states: Part 1 Congress and the states: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 550, Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 3 Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 549, Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 2 Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 548, Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 1 Powers of Congress: Enforcement powers: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 547, Powers of Congress: Implied powers: Part 3 Powers of Congress: Implied powers: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 546, Powers of Congress: Implied powers: Part 2 Powers of Congress: Implied powers: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 545, Bill of Rights: Part 2 Bill of Rights: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 544, Bill of Rights: Part 2 Bill of Rights: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 543, Bill of Rights: Part 1 Bill of Rights: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 542, Powers of Congress Powers of Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 541, Limits to Congressional power Limits to Congressional power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 540, Limits to Congressional power: Specific and generalized power Limits to Congressional power: Specific and generalized power
    60-Second Civics: Episode 539, Federalism in the United States and Great Britain Federalism in the United States and Great Britain
    60-Second Civics: Episode 538, Frequency of elections for Congress Frequency of elections for Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 537, Elections in the British Parliament Elections in the British Parliament
    60-Second Civics: Episode 536, Differences between Parliament and Congress Differences between Parliament and Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 535, Parliamentary system prohibited by the Constitution Parliamentary system prohibited by the Constitution
    60-Second Civics: Episode 534, Representation in the House and Senate Representation in the House and Senate
    60-Second Civics: Episode 533, The House of Commons The House of Commons
    60-Second Civics: Episode 532, The House of Lords The House of Lords
    60-Second Civics: Episode 531, Congress and the British Parliament Congress and the British Parliament
    60-Second Civics: Episode 530, Introduction to Congress Introduction to Congress
    60-Second Civics: Episode 529, Eighteen-year-olds and the vote How eighteen-year-olds gained the vote
    60-Second Civics: Episode 528, Native Americans and voting: Part 5 Native Americans and voting: Part 5
    60-Second Civics: Episode 527, Native Americans and voting: Part 4 Native Americans and voting: Part 4
    60-Second Civics: Episode 526, Native Americans and voting: Part 3 Native Americans and voting: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 525, Native Americans and voting: Part 2 Native Americans and voting: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 524, Native Americans and voting: Part 1 Native Americans and voting: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 523, Woman suffrage: Part 5 Woman suffrage: Part 5
    60-Second Civics: Episode 522, Woman suffrage: Part 4 Woman suffrage: Part 4
    60-Second Civics: Episode 521, Woman suffrage: Part 3 Woman suffrage: Part 3
    60-Second Civics: Episode 520, Woman suffrage: Part 2 Woman suffrage: Part 2
    60-Second Civics: Episode 519, Woman suffrage: Part 1 Woman suffrage: Part 1
    60-Second Civics: Episode 518, Fifteenth Amendment: Threats and violence Fifteenth Amendment: Threats and violence
    60-Second Civics: Episode 517, Fifteenth Amendment and suffrage Fifteenth Amendment and suffrage
    60-Second Civics: Episode 516, Voting rights: Violence against Mexican Americans Voting rights: Violence against Mexican Americans
    60-Second Civics: Episode 515, The Dorr Rebellion The Dorr Rebellion
    60-Second Civics: Episode 514, The property requirement Removing the property requirement
    60-Second Civics: Episode 513, New Jersey's early, liberal voting requirements New Jersey's early, liberal voting requirements
    60-Second Civics: Episode 512, Deciding who can vote Deciding who can vote
    60-Second Civics: Episode 511, Voting rights in the American colonies Voting rights in the American colonies
    60-Second Civics: Episode 510, Greek and Roman ideas about voting Greek and Roman ideas about voting
    60-Second Civics: Episode 509, The right to vote The right to vote
    60-Second Civics: Episode 508, Introduction to voting rights Voting Rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 507, Equal protection: Controversy Controversial aspects of equal protection of the law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 506, Equal protection and the states Equal protection and the states
    60-Second Civics: Episode 505, Rational basis: Stanton v. Stanton Rational basis: Stanton v. Stanton
    60-Second Civics: Episode 504, Equal protection: Rational basis Equal protection: Rational basis
    60-Second Civics: Episode 503, Equal protection: Intermediate scrutiny Intermediate judicial scrutiny of laws
    60-Second Civics: Episode 502, Equal protection: Strict scrutiny Strict judicial scrutiny of laws
    60-Second Civics: Episode 501, Equal protection: Categories of people Laws create classifications of people
    60-Second Civics: Episode 500, Brown v. Board of Education, Part 2 Episode 500: Brown v. Board of Education
    60-Second Civics: Episode 499, Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education
    60-Second Civics: Episode 498, NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
    60-Second Civics: Episode 497, Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal: Plessy v. Ferguson
    60-Second Civics: Episode 496, Jim Crow The introduction of Jim Crow laws
    60-Second Civics: Episode 495, Equal protection of the laws and equality of opportunity Equal protection of the laws, equality of opportunity
    60-Second Civics: Episode 492, Equal protection: Introduction An introduction to the equal protection clause
    60-Second Civics: Episode 491, Incorporation, Part 5 The Fourteenth Amendment, incorporation, and due process
    60-Second Civics: Episode 490, Incorporation, Part 4 The Fourteenth Amendment, incorporation, and due process
    60-Second Civics: Episode 489, Incorporation, Part 3 Gitlow v. New York (1925): the facts of the case
    60-Second Civics: Episode 488, Incorporation, Part 2 Gitlow v. New York (1925) and due process
    60-Second Civics: Episode 487, Incorporation, Part 1 Understanding the Fourteenth Amendment and incorporation
    60-Second Civics: Episode 486, Fundamental rights, Part 3 Defining fundamental rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 485, Fundamental rights, Part 2 Defining and identifying fundamental rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 484, Fundamental rights, Part 1 Defining and identifying fundamental rights
    60-Second Civics: Episode 483, Substantive due process, Part 2 Defining substantive due process
    60-Second Civics: Episode 482, Substantive due process, Part 1 What is procedural due process?
    60-Second Civics: Episode 481, Inquisitorial system of justice, Part 4 Further examination of the inquisitorial system of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 480, Inquisitorial system of justice, Part 3 Examination of the inquisitorial system of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 479, Inquisitorial system of justice, Part 2 Examination of the inquisitorial system of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 478, Inquisitorial system of justice, Part 1 Introduction to the inquisitorial system of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 477, Adversary systems of justice, Part 3 Fairness of the adversary systems of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 476, Adversary systems of justice, Part 2 Examination of adversary systems of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 475, Adversary systems of justice, Part 1 Introduction to adversary systems of justice
    60-Second Civics: Episode 474, Procedural due process, Part 3 Provisions guaranteed by the due process of law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 473, Procedural due process, Part 2 Guarantees of the "due process of law"
    60-Second Civics: Episode 472, Procedural due process The meaning of "due process of law"
    60-Second Civics: Episode 471, Introduction to due process The first mention of due process in the U.S. Constitution
    60-Second Civics: Episode 470, The origins of due process, Part 2 The ancient principle of due process of law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 469, The origins of due process, Part 1 The ancient principle of due process of law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 468, Introduction to due process The roots of due process of law
    60-Second Civics: Episode 467, Birth of the civil rights movement The beginnings of America's civil rights movement
    60-Second Civics: Episode 466, Jim Crow laws Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 465, The Fifteenth Amendment Expansion of the right to vote.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 464, The Fourteenth Amendment Congress, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the Fourteenth Amendment.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 463, Black Codes The South after the Civil War.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 462, Emancipation Proclamation, Part 2 The significance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 461, Emancipation Proclamation, Part 1 Lincoln announces the Emancipation Proclamation.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 460, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus. President Lincoln's assertion of presidential powers included suspension of habeas corpus..
    60-Second Civics: Episode 459, Lincoln asserts presidential power Today's topic is President Lincoln's assertion of presidential powers during wartime.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 458, Preserving the Union Our topic is President Lincoln and the preservation of the Union.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 457, Secession, Part 4 Today, we continue our discussion of secession.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 456, Secession, Part 3 Today, we continue our discussion of secession.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 455, Secession, Part 2 Today, we continue to examine secession.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 454, Secession, Part 1 Today, we examine secession.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 453, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Part 2 Today, we continue our discussion of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 452, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Part 1 Today, we discuss Dred Scott v. Sandford.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 451, The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 Today, we examine the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 450, Free soil and the Kansas-Nebraska Act Today, we discuss the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 448, Slavery in new territories Today, we continue our discussion of slavery in the new territories.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 447, Slavery in new territories Today, we discuss slavery in the Northwest Territories.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 446, The debate over slavery Today, we examine the debate over whether the Constitution was a pro-slavery- or anti-slavery document.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 445, The Framers and slavery Today, we discuss the issue of slavery at the Philadelphia Convention.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 444, The Civil War and the Constitution Today, we begin our discussion of how the Civil War tested and transformed the American political system.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 443, Role of political parties, Part 7 Today, we discuss the danger of factions within political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 442, Role of political parties, Part 6 Today, we discuss some of the failure of third parties to gain traction in the American political system.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 441, Role of political parties, Part 5 Today, we discuss some of the less favorable aspects of the political party system.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 440, Role of political parties, Part 4 Today, we continue our discussion of political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 439, Role of political parties, Part 3 Today, we continue our discussion of political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 438, Role of political parties, Part 2 Today, we continue our discussion of the purposes of political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 437, Role pf political parties, Part 1 Today, we discuss the role of political parties in today's political system.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 436, Van Buren's revolutionary idea Today, we examine Martin Van Buren's revolutionary idea.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 435, Benefits of political parties Today, we discuss how political parties helped bridge the great physical distances between Americans.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 434, Van Buren on political parties, Part 2 Today, we continue our discussion of Van Buren's view of political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 433, Van Buren on political parties Today, we discuss Martin Van Buren's views on political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 432, Jefferson on political parties Today, we discuss Thomas Jefferson's views on political parties.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 431, The Twelfth Amendment Today, we examine the Twelfth Amendment and the political party system.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 430, Revolution of 1800, Part 3 Today, we continue our discussion of the Revolution of 1800.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 428, Revolution of 1800, Part 1 Today, we begin our discussion of the Revolution of 1800.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 426, Alien and Sedition Acts, Part 1 Today, we discuss the Alien and Sedition Acts.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 427, Alien and Sedition Acts, Part 2 Today, we discuss the formation of the first political parties in the United States.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 425, Federalists and Republicans Today, we discuss the divisive nature of party politics in the early American republic.
    60-Second Civics: Episode 424, The first American political parties Today, we discuss the formation of the first political parties in the United States.