60-Second Civics[RSS]

Thursday, September 02	Daily civics quiz
Facebook RSS Feed Twitter	Political parties can serve the common good by a. promoting standards for health and education. b. organizing and channelling interests into the system. c. providing a forum for malcontents. d. opening government buildings for public events. ------ Listen to today's podcast

60-Second Civics is a daily podcast that provides a quick and convenient way for listeners to learn about our nation’s government, the Constitution, and our history. The podcast explores themes related to civics and government, the constitutional issues behind the headlines, and the people and ideas that formed our nation’s history and government.

60-Second Civics is produced by the Center for Civic Education. The show's content is primarily derived from the Center’s education for democracy curricula, including We the People: The Citizen & the Constitution, Project Citizen, Foundations of Democracy, and Elements of Democracy.

Music for 60-Second Civics is provided by Music Alley from Mevio.com. The song featured on the podcast is Cheryl B. Engelhardt's "Complacent Pretending." Terms of use can be found here.
 

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60-Second Civics: Episode 439, Role of political parties, Part 3 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 438, Role of political parties, Part 2 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the purposes of political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 437, Role pf political parties, Part 1 [Play] Today, we discuss the role of political parties in today's political system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 436, Van Buren's revolutionary idea [Play] Today, we examine Martin Van Buren's revolutionary idea. 60-Second Civics: Episode 435, Benefits of political parties [Play] Today, we discuss how political parties helped bridge the great physical distances between Americans. 60-Second Civics: Episode 434, Van Buren on political parties, Part 2 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of Van Buren's view of political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 433, Van Buren on political parties [Play] Today, we discuss Martin Van Buren's views on political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 432, Jefferson on political parties [Play] Today, we discuss Thomas Jefferson's views on political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 431, The Twelfth Amendment [Play] Today, we examine the Twelfth Amendment and the political party system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 430, Revolution of 1800, Part 3 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the Revolution of 1800. 60-Second Civics: Episode 429, Revolution of 1800, Part 2 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the Revolution of n8????. 60-Second Civics: Episode 428, Revolution of 1800, Part 1 [Play] Today, we begin our discussion of the Revolution of 1800. 60-Second Civics: Episode 426, Alien and Sedition Acts, Part 1 [Play] Today, we discuss the Alien and Sedition Acts. 60-Second Civics: Episode 427, Alien and Sedition Acts, Part 2 [Play] Today, we discuss the formation of the first political parties in the United States. 60-Second Civics: Episode 425, Federalists and Republicans [Play] Today, we discuss the divisive nature of party politics in the early American republic. 60-Second Civics: Episode 424, The first American political parties [Play] Today, we discuss the formation of the first political parties in the United States. 60-Second Civics: Episode 423, The Napoleonic Wars and the early republic [Play] Today, we discuss disagreements over foreign policy in the new republic. 60-Second Civics: Episode 422, Differing economic visions in the 1790s [Play] Today, we discuss disagreements over economic policy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 421, Disagreements over the power of the national government [Play] Today, we discuss disagreements over the power of the national government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 420, America's first political parties [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the ideas and events that led to the development of political parties in the 1790s. 60-Second Civics: Episode 419, Framers and political parties [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the attitudes of some Framers to political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 418, Factionalism in the Southern colonies [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss factionalism in the Southern colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 417, Colonial factionalism based on religious prejudice [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss factional politics based on religious prejudices in early American political life. 60-Second Civics: Episode 416, Factions in colonial America [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss factional politics in early American political life. 60-Second Civics: Episode 415, Political parties as beneficial [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss arguments in favor of political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 414, Political parties as evils to be eradicated [Play] In today's podcast, we examine Anglo-American political thought about political parties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 413, Judicial review as tradition [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the origins of judicial review. 60-Second Civics: Episode 412, Judicial review defined [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss expansion of the Bill of Rights by judicial interpretation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 411, The Bill of Rights is born [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss how the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 410, Madison's proposals [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss James Madison's proposals to amend the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 409, Madison's prefix [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss James Madison's proposal to add a bill of rights to the constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 408, The story of the Bill of Rights: Part 3 [Play] In today's podcast, we introduce prominent supporters of a bill of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 407, The story of the Bill of Rights: Part 2 [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss efforts of the states to insert a bill of rights into the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 406, The story of the Bill of Rights: Part 1 [Play] In today's podcast, we begin our discussion of the story behind the Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 405, The Eighteenth Amendment [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss prohibition in the United States. 60-Second Civics: Episode 404, The Twenty-second and Twenty-fifth Amendments [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss issues of the presidency that the Framers had not anticipated. 60-Second Civics: Episode 403, The Twelfth and Twentieth Amendments [Play] Today's podcast addresses matters affecting Congress that the Framers did not anticipate. 60-Second Civics: Episode 402, The Eleventh and Sixteenth Amendments [Play] Today's topic: constitutional amendments that overturned Supreme Court decisions.. 60-Second Civics: Episode 401, Expanding suffrage [Play] Today, we examine constitutional amendments that expanded suffrage. 60-Second Civics: Episode 400, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments [Play] Today, our 400th episode! Learn about the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 399, Amendments: The Bill of Rights [Play] Today, the amendments that became the Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 398, Ten thousand proposed amendments [Play] Today, we discuss the number of amendments proposed since 1789. 60-Second Civics: Episode 397, How to amend the Constitution [Play] Today, we look at the process devised for amending the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 396, Why the Constitution must be amended [Play] Today, we look at the process devised for amending the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 395, The last two states to ratify the Constitution [Play] Today, we look at North Carolina and Rhode Island and their road to ratification. 60-Second Civics: Episode 394, Compromise and ratification [Play] Today, we look at the ratification compromise forged by the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 60-Second Civics: Episode 393, Ratification: New York and Virginia [Play] In today's episode, two important states refuse to ratify. 60-Second Civics: Episode 392, Hamilton's opposition to the Bill of Rights: Part 2 [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss another of Hamilton's arguments against a Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 391, Hamilton's opposition to the Bill of Rights: Part 1 [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss Federalist arguments against a Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 390, The Constitution protects basic rights [Play] Today, the Federalists argument for representation of differing interests in government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 389, The Constitution: Not too complicated [Play] Today, James Madison's rebuttal to the claim that the Constitution was too complicated to be effective. 60-Second Civics: Episode 388, The Constitution protects the common good [Play] Today, we discuss the Federalist claims about how the Constitution promotes the goals of republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 387, The Constitution does not rely on civic virtue [Play] Today, we discuss the Federalist claim that the national government created by the Constitution did not rely on civic virtue. 60-Second Civics: Episode 386, Federalist mistrust of civic virtue [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the Federalists and civic virtue. 60-Second Civics: Episode 385, Federalist arguments about civic virtue [Play] We begin an examination of the Federalists' views on civic virtue. 60-Second Civics: Episode 384, Federalist 10: Part 4 [Play] Today we discuss Madison's views on the benefits of a large, diverse republic. 60-Second Civics: Episode 383, Federalist 10: Part 3 [Play] In today's episode, majority tyranny defined by James Madison. 60-Second Civics: Episode 382, Federalist 10: Part 2 [Play] In today's episode, we discuss Madison's views on the dangers of faction. 60-Second Civics: Episode 381, Federalist 10: Part 1 [Play] In today's episode, we discuss Madison's solution to the problem of a republican government over a large geographic region. 60-Second Civics: Episode 380, The central problem of republican government [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the Federalist response to Anti-Federalist fears of a large republic. 60-Second Civics: Episode 379, The Federalist and the "new science of politics" [Play] In today's episode, The Federalist and the "new science of politics." Happy Independence Day! 60-Second Civics: Episode 378, The Federalists and the ratification debates [Play] Today, three men--Hamilton, Madison, and Jay--publish essays in support of ratification. 60-Second Civics: Episode 377, The Federalists organize quickly [Play] In today's podcast, the Federalists organize quickly to counter their opponents. 60-Second Civics: Episode 376, Anti-Federalists and republican principles [Play] In today's podcast, Anti-Federalists wanted to remind the people of the principles of our political system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 375, More Anti-Federalist objections to the Constitution [Play] Today we learn why the Anti-Federalists were concerned about the broad powers of the government under the proposed Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 374, Anti-Federalist worries about individual freedoms [Play] Today we learn why the Anti-Federalists were concerned about the lack of a bill of rights in the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 373, Anti-Federalists argue for a bill of rights [Play] In our podcast today: Anti-Federalists' concern of a "distant" national government and the need for a bill of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 372, Anti-Federalists and the Bill of Rights [Play] Today, the delegates' greatest tactical error. 60-Second Civics: Episode 371, Domination by an elite [Play] In this podcast, further examination of the fears of the Anti-Federalists. 60-Second Civics: Episode 370, Anti-federalists and checks and balances [Play] In this podcast, further examination of the system of checks and balances. 60-Second Civics: Episode 369, Anti-federalists and checks and balances [Play] In this podcast, the system of checks and balances. 60-Second Civics: Episode 368, Anti-Federalist concerns about the national judiciary [Play] In this podcast: Anti-Federalist concerns about the national judiciary. 60-Second Civics: Episode 367, Anti-Federalist fears about the executive branch [Play] In this podcast: Anti-Federalist concerns about the power of the president. 60-Second Civics: Episode 366, Anti-Federalist concerns about Congress [Play] In this podcast: specific Anti-Federalist arguments against the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 365, Anti-Federalist fears [Play] In this podcast, Anti-Federalist opinions about the dangers of the government proposed by the new Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 364, Anti-Federalists on civic virtue [Play] A look at the Anti-Federalist beliefs about civic virtue. 60-Second Civics: Episode 363, Anti-Federalist fears of distant government [Play] On today's podcast, the Anti-Federalists' beliefs about governance over great distances. 60-Second Civics: Episode 362, Anti-Federalist principles [Play] On today's podcast, key elements of the Anti-Federalists' opposition to the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 361, Ratification and reasoned discourse [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the ratification debates. 60-Second Civics: Episode 360, Anti-Federalists [Play] Today, we discuss leading Anti-Federalists. 60-Second Civics: Episode 359, The Anti-Federalists [Play] Today, we introduce the Anti-Federalists. 60-Second Civics: Episode 358, Opposition to ratification [Play] Today, we begin our discussion of the debates over the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 357, Ratification and social contract theory [Play] Today, we discuss how the plan to ratify the Constitution was consistent with natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 356, Ratification: Approval by the people [Play] Today, we examine James Madison's plan for ratification. 60-Second Civics: Episode 355, Problems with amending the Articles of Confederation [Play] Today, we discuss problems with amending the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 354, Ratification [Play] Today, we begin our examination of the ratification of the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 353, Secession [Play] Today, we discuss the issue of secession. 60-Second Civics: Episode 352, National versus state power [Play] Today, we discuss conflicts between state and national power. 60-Second Civics: Episode 351, Representation in the House of Representatives [Play] Today, we look at the Framer's debates over suffrage. 60-Second Civics: Episode 350, Issues unaddressed by the Constitutional Convention [Play] Today, we look at some issues that were not addressed at the Constitutional Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 349, Issues unaddressed by the Constitutional Convention [Play] Today, we look at some issues that were not addressed at the Constitutional Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 348, Slavery and the Constitution, Part 4 [Play] We conclude our discussion of slavery and the constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 347, Slavery and the Constitution, Part 3 [Play] We continue our discussion of how slavery affected state and national powers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 346, Slavery and the Constitution, Part 2 [Play] We continue our discussion of how slavery affected state and national powers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 345, Slavery and the Constitution, Part 1 [Play] We examine how slavery affected state and national powers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 344, Limits on state powers [Play] Today, we examine constitutional limits on the power of state governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 343, More protections of political independence [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the political independence of public officials. 60-Second Civics: Episode 342, Political independence of public officials [Play] Today, we discuss the political independence of public officials. 60-Second Civics: Episode 341, Ex post facto laws and bills of attainder [Play] Today, we discuss ex post facto laws and bills of attainder. 60-Second Civics: Episode 340, Habeas corpus [Play] Today, we discuss habeas corpus and other protections of individual rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 339, Limitations on the national government [Play] Today, we examine the limits on the power of the national government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 338, Powers of the national government, Part 2 [Play] Today, we continue our discussion of the powers of the national government over the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 337, Powers of the national government, Part 1 [Play] Today, we discuss powers of the national government over the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 336, Concerns about state governments [Play] Today, we discuss concerns about the power of state governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 335, National and state powers [Play] Today, we discuss the relationship between national and state powers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 334, Judicial Review [Play] Today, our subject is judicial review. 60-Second Civics: Episode 333, Impeachment [Play] We discuss Article I of the Constitution: the power to impeach the president and other government officials. 60-Second Civics: Episode 332, The power to declare and wage war [Play] Today we discuss the shared power to wage and declare war. 60-Second Civics: Episode 331, Appointments and treaties [Play] Today, a look at the power to make appointments and negotiate treaties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 330, Checks and balances [Play] Today, the system of separated and shared powers known as "checks and balances." 60-Second Civics: Episode 329, Shared powers [Play] Our discussion today explores how powers are shared among the branches of government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 328, The federal judiciary [Play] Today, we examine the Framers' decisions about the powers of the Supreme Court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 327, Origins of the federal judiciary [Play] Today, we examine how the judiciary branch completed the system of separation of powers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 326, Problems with the Electoral College [Play] Today we conclude our discussion of the Electoral College. 60-Second Civics: Episode 325, Features of the Electoral College, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion on features of the Electoral College. 60-Second Civics: Episode 324, Features of the Electoral College, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss features of the Electoral College. 60-Second Civics: Episode 323, Considering presidential selection [Play] Today we discuss the idea of the Electoral College. 60-Second Civics: Episode 322, Indirect election of the president [Play] Today we discuss delegates' consideration of indirect election of the president. 60-Second Civics: Episode 321, Arguments for direct election of the president [Play] Today we discuss direct election of the president 60-Second Civics: Episode 320, Opposition of direct election of the president [Play] In today's podcast: how should the president be selected? 60-Second Civics: Episode 319, Reelection of the president [Play] Today, we discuss the Framer's decision on whether the president should be eligible for reelection. 60-Second Civics: Episode 317, Philadelphia Convention: Length of term of the executive [Play] Today, we discuss the president's term of office. 60-Second Civics: Episode 316, Executive Balance [Play] In today's podcast, we examine the balance sought by Congress between an energetic executive and limited government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 315, Executive Power [Play] Today, we discuss the Framers' deliberations over the power of the executive branch. 60-Second Civics: Episode 314, Powers of Congress [Play] Today, we examine the two categories of congressional power. 60-Second Civics: Episode 313, Congress as a deliberative body [Play] How the powers of Congress were organized by the delegates. 60-Second Civics: Episode 312, Problems with a weak executive [Play] Colonial Americans preferred a weak executive, but at what cost? 60-Second Civics: Episode 311, The Framers and the balance of power [Play] What were the delegates' thoughts on the balance of power? 60-Second Civics: Episode 310, Introduction to the three branches of government [Play] We begin study of the three branches of the U.S. government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 309, Philadelphia Convention, Part 39: New States and Representation [Play] The delegates address the admission of new states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 308, Philadelphia Convention, Part 38: Balance of Power [Play] The delegates address the representation of new states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 307, Philadelphia Convention, Part 37: Three-Fifths Compromise [Play] We conclude our examination of the Three-Fifths Compromise. 60-Second Civics: Episode 306, Philadelphia Convention, Part 36: Three-Fifths Compromise [Play] We examine the Northern position in the debate over proportional representation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 305, Philadelphia Convention, Part 35: Three-Fifths Compromise [Play] We examine the Southern position in the debate over proportional representation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 304, Philadelphia Convention, Part 34: Introduction to the Three-Fifths Compromise [Play] Today, we learn of the debate that led to the Three-Fifths Compromise. 60-Second Civics: Episode 303, Philadelphia Convention, Part 33: Madison and the Great Compromise [Play] Today, we examine James Madison's opposition to the Great Compromise. 60-Second Civics: Episode 302, Philadelphia Convention, Part 32: Great Compromise [Play] In this episode, we learn that opposition to the Great Compromise led to a crisis at the Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 301, Philadelphia Convention, Part 31: Great Compromise [Play] Today, we look at the gains and losses on both sides in the Great Compromise. 60-Second Civics: Episode 300, Philadelphia Convention, Part 30: Great Compromise [Play] Today, we examine the first steps taken toward the Great Compromise at the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 299, Philadelphia Convention, Part 29: New Jersey Plan [Play] Today, we discuss the delegates' plan to save the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 298, Philadelphia Convention, Part 28: New Jersey Plan [Play] On the podcast today, we learn how the rejection of the New Jersey Plan threatened the Constitutional Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 297, Philadelphia Convention, Part 27: New Jersey Plan [Play] On today's podcast, we learn how the New Jersey Plan was meant to reform the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 296, Philadelphia Convention, Part 26: New Jersey Plan [Play] Today discuss the powers of Congress under the New Jersey Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 295, Philadelphia Convention, Part 25: New Jersey Plan [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the New Jersey Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 294, Philadelphia Convention, Part 24: Crisis over representation [Play] On today's episode, we explore the crisis over representation at the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 293, Philadelphia Convention, Part 23: Virginia Plan [Play] On the podcast today, we examine the preference of some delegates at the Philadelphia Convention for equal representation of the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 292, Philadelphia Convention, Part 22: Virginia Plan [Play] Today we discuss disagreements about representation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 291, Philadelphia Convention, Part 21: Virginia Plan [Play] On today's podcast, we learn about the Virginia Plan's proposal to create a two-house Congress. 60-Second Civics: Episode 290, Philadelphia Convention, Part 20: Virginia Plan [Play] Today we discuss the powers of Congress under the Virginia Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 289, Philadelphia Convention, Part 19: Virginia Plan [Play] Today on the podcast we examine the national legislature under the Virgina Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 288, Philadelphia Convention, Part 18: Virginia Plan [Play] On today's episode: The Virginia Plan and federalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 287, Philadelphia Convention, Part 17: Virginia Plan [Play] On today's podcast, we learn about the strength of the national government under the Virginia Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 286, Philadelphia Convention, Part 16: Madison and the Virginia Plan [Play] Today we are introduced to James Madison's proposal for government: the Virginia Plan. 60-Second Civics: Episode 285, Philadelphia Convention, Part 15: Committees [Play] On today's episode, we explain the four key committees of the Constitutional Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 284, Philadelphia Convention, Part 14: Secrecy [Play] Today we learn why the Framers wanted to keep the proceedings of the Philadelphia Convention secret. 60-Second Civics: Episode 283, Philadelphia Convention, Part 13: Civil discourse [Play] On today's episode, we explain the importance of civil discourse during the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 282, Philadelphia Convention, Part 12: Rules of debate, continued [Play] Today we discuss four key rules of the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 281, Philadelphia Convention, Part 11: Rules of debate [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss three of the rules adopted for the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 280, Philadelphia Convention, Part 10: Rhode Island [Play] Today we learn why Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 279, Philadelphia Convention, Part 9: Missing Founders [Play] On today's episode, we learn about some of the important Founders who did not attend the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 278, Philadelphia Convention, Part 8: Morris, Randolph, Sherman [Play] Today we discuss Gouverneur Morris, Edmund Randolph, and Roger Sherman and their roles at the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 277, Philadelphia Convention, Part 7: Franklin, Hamilton, and Wilson [Play] On today's episode, we discuss Benjamin Franklin's, Alexander Hamilton's, and James Wilson's participation in the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 276, Philadelphia Convention, Part 6: James Madison's role [Play] On the podcast today, we examine James Madison's role in the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 275, Philadelphia Convention, Part 5: George Washington's role [Play] Today on the podcast: George Washington and the Constitutional Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 274, Philadelphia Convention, Part 4: Max Farrand on the Framers [Play] On today's episode, we discuss Max Farrand's statement about the Framers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 273, Philadelphia Convention, Part 3: Demographics of the Framers [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the Framers of the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 272, Philadelphia Convention, Part 2: The Framers [Play] Today we discuss the Framers of the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 271, Philadelphia Convention, Part 1: Overview [Play] On today's episode, we begin our discussion of the Philadelphia Convention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 270, Shays' Rebellion, Part 3 [Play] Today we conclude our discussion of Shays' Rebellion. 60-Second Civics: Episode 269, Shays' Rebellion, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of Shays' Rebellion. 60-Second Civics: Episode 268, Shays' Rebellion, Part 1 [Play] On today's episode, we learn about Shays' Rebellion. 60-Second Civics: Episode 267, Attempts to reform the Articles of Confederation, Part 3 [Play] On the podcast today, we learn about the failure of the Annapolis convention and calls for a new convention to amend the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 266, Attempts to reform the Articles of Confederation, Part 2 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss demands for a constitutional convention caused by the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 265, Attempts to reform the Articles of Confederation, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss attempts to solve the problems of the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 264, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, Part 4 [Play] On today's 60-Second Civics: majority tyranny in post-Revolutionary America. 60-Second Civics: Episode 263, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, Part 3 [Play] On the podcast today: localists versus cosmopolitans in post-Revolutionary America. 60-Second Civics: Episode 262, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, Part 2 [Play] Today we examine how the national government was unable to protect loyalists from the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 261, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, Part 1 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 260, Achievements of the Articles of Confederation, Part 2 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the Northwest Ordinance. 60-Second Civics: Episode 259, Achievements of the Articles of Confederation, Part 1 [Play] Today we delve into constitutional history by examining the achievements of the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 258, Civil rights since the mid-twentieth century, Part 5: Equal Rights Amendment [Play] On the podcast today: the Equal Rights Amendment. 60-Second Civics: Episode 257, Civil rights since the mid-twentieth century, Part 4: Women's rights [Play] Today we ediscuss the movement for women's rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 256, Civil rights since the mid-twentieth century, Part 3: American Indian Movement [Play] Today we examine the American Indian Movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 255, Civil rights since the mid-twentieth century, Part 2: Farm workers [Play] On the podcast today: the farm workers' movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 254, Civil rights since the mid-twentieth century, Part 1 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss how the movement for civil rights has changed since the mid-twentieth century. 60-Second Civics: Episode 253, Doug Jones [Play] Today we discuss attorney Doug Jones, who successfully prosecuted two Birmingham bombers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 252, Civil rights activists, Part 7: Carolyn McKinstry [Play] Today we discuss civil rights activist Carolyn McKinstry. 60-Second Civics: Episode 251, Civil rights activists, Part 6: Septima Clark [Play] On today's episode, we discuss Septima Clark, known as the "Queen Mother of the American Civil Rights Movement." 60-Second Civics: Episode 250, Civil rights activists, Part 5: Mabel Staupers [Play] On the podcast today: the life of nursing pioneer Mabel Staupers. 60-Second Civics: Episode 249, Civil rights activists, Part 4: Andrew Young [Play] Today we explore the life of civil rights activist Andrew Young. 60-Second Civics: Episode 248, Civil rights activists, Part 3: John Lewis [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the contributions of Congressman John Lewis to the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 247, Civil rights activists, Part 2: Dorothy Cotton [Play] Today we discuss the life of civil rights leader Dorothy Cotton. 60-Second Civics: Episode 246, Civil rights activists, Part 1: Fred Shuttlesworth [Play] Today we discuss the life of Fred Shuttlesworth, a leading figure of the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 245, Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church [Play] On today's episode, we learn about the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in 1963. 60-Second Civics: Episode 244, Children's March [Play] Today, we discuss the Children's March of 1963. 60-Second Civics: Episode 243, Role of the church in the civil rights movement, Part 2 [Play] On today's podcast, we examine the role of the African American church during the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 242, Role of the church in the civil rights movement, Part 1 [Play] On today's podcast, we examine the role of the African American church in the years leading up to the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 241, Role of the courts, Part 2: Enforcing Brown v. Board of Education [Play] Today we discuss difficulties with enforcing the Brown v. Board of Education decision. 60-Second Civics: Episode 240, Role of the courts, Part 1: Brown v. Board of Education [Play] Today we discuss Brown v. Board of Education. 60-Second Civics: Episode 239, Freedom Riders [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the Freedom Riders. 60-Second Civics: Episode 238, Practitioners of nonviolence: Thoreau, Gandhi, and King [Play] Today we learn how some of the most famous practitioners of nonviolence influenced each other. 60-Second Civics: Episode 237, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 6: The universe is on the side of justice [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss Martin Luther King Jr.'s sixth principle of nonviolence that the universe is on the side of justice. 60-Second Civics: Episode 236, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 5: Love, not hate [Play] Today we discuss the Martin Luther King Jr.'s fifth principle of nonviolence: that nonviolence chooses love instead of hate. 60-Second Civics: Episode 235, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 4: Nonviolence educates and reforms [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss Martin Luther King Jr.'s fourth principle of nonviolence: that nonviolence educates and reforms. 60-Second Civics: Episode 234, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 3: Defeat injustice, not people [Play] Today we discuss Martin Luther King Jr.'s third principle of nonviolence: that nonviolence seeks to defeat injustice, not people. 60-Second Civics: Episode 233, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 2: Nonviolence seeks reconciliation [Play] Today we discuss Martin Luther King Jr.'s second principle of nonviolence: nonviolence seeks reconciliation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 232, Six principles of nonviolence, Principle 1: Nonviolence requires courage [Play] On today's episode, we begin our discussion of Martin Luther King Jr.'s six principles of nonviolence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 231, Civil rights movement, Part 10 [Play] Today we discuss the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 60-Second Civics: Episode 230, Civil rights movement, Part 9 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 60-Second Civics: Episode 229, Civil rights movement, Part 8 [Play] Today we discuss the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 60-Second Civics: Episode 228, Civil rights movement, Part 7 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the importance of nonviolence in the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 227, Civil rights movement, Part 6 [Play] Today we discuss the origins of the American civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 226, Civil rights movement, Part 5 [Play] Today we discuss how the increase in racially motivated violence in the 1950s prompted federal intervention. 60-Second Civics: Episode 225, Civil rights movement, Part 4 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss how racial segregation and discrimination was deeply entrenched in American life in the 1950s. 60-Second Civics: Episode 224, Civil rights movement, Part 3 [Play] Today we discuss two types of segregation that contributed to racial polarization in the United States. 60-Second Civics: Episode 223, Civil rights movement, Part 2 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the effect of the Civil War Amendments on the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 222, Civil rights movement, Part 1 [Play] Today we begin our celebration of Black History Month with the first in a series of episodes devoted to the civil rights movement. 60-Second Civics: Episode 221, Articles of Confederation, Part 8 [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss the solutions to states' concerns about the national government's power that paved the way for adopting the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 220, Articles of Confederation, Part 7 [Play] Today we discuss three issues that aligned groups of states against one another. 60-Second Civics: Episode 219, Articles of Confederation, Part 6 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the powers kept by the states under the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 218, Articles of Confederation, Part 5 [Play] Today we discuss how the Articles of Confederation created a ???firm league of friendship" among the states instead of a strong central government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 217, Articles of Confederation, Part 4 [Play] Today we discuss how the Continental Congress avoided a strong central government when they adopted the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 216, Articles of Confederation, Part 3 [Play] Today we discuss the colonists' fear of a strong government and how it affected the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 215, Articles of Confederation, Part 2 [Play] On today's episode, we examine the roles of Benjamin Franklin and Richard Henry Lee in bringing about the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 214, Articles of Confederation, Part 1 [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the Articles of Confederation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 213, States' bills of rights, Part 3 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss features of states' bills or declarations of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 212, States' bills of rights, Part 2 [Play] Today we examine specific rights guaranteed in states' bills of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 211, States' bills of rights, Part 1 [Play] Today we examine states' bills of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 210, Virginia Declaration of Rights, Part 3 [Play] Today we discuss the rights protected by the Virginia Declaration of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 209, Virginia Declaration of Rights, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the Virginia Declaration of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 208, Virginia Declaration of Rights, Part 1 [Play] On the podcast today, we examine the Virginia Declaration of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 207, Introduction to state declarations of rights [Play] Today we begin our discussion of state declarations of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 206, Massachusetts constitution, Part 3 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the representation of various economic classes in the Massachusetts constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 205, Massachusetts constitution, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss the executive branch of the Massachusetts constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 204, Massachusetts constitution, Part 1 [Play] On today's episode, we examine the Massachusetts constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 203, Legislative supremacy, Part 5 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of legislative supremacy in state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 202, Legislative supremacy, Part 4 [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss examples of legislative supremacy in state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 201, Legislative supremacy, Part 3 [Play] Today we discuss the third reason for states' confidence in legislative supremacy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 199, Legislative supremacy, Part 1 [Play] Today we examine the concept of legislative supremacy in American state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 198, Right to vote in early America [Play] Today we discuss representation and the right to vote in early American state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 197, State constitutions: social contract and popular sovereignty [Play] On today's episode we explore the ideas of social contract and popular sovereignty in state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 196, State constitutions: higher law and natural rights [Play] Today we discuss higher law and natural rights in state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 195, Principles of state constitutions [Play] On today's podcast, we examine the principles common to all state constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 194, State governments after the Declaration, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss state governments after 1776. 60-Second Civics: Episode 193, State governments after the Declaration, Part 1 [Play] Today we begin our discussion of state governments after the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 192, Declaration of Independence, Part 6 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the idea of the right to revolution in the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 191, Declaration of Independence, Part 5 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the "long Train of Abuses" of King George III. 60-Second Civics: Episode 190, Declaration of Independence, Part 4 [Play] Today we discuss the concepts of human equality and government by consent in the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 189, Declaration of Independence, Part 3 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss natural rights philosophy as a foundational idea of the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 188, Declaration of Independence, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss the philosophical underpinnings of the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 187, Declaration of Independence, Part 1 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the Founders' reasons for issuing a formal declaration of independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 186, Growing consensus [Play] Today we discuss the growing consensus for American independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 185, Lexington and Concord [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the battles of Lexington and Concord 60-Second Civics: Episode 184, Armed resistance [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss armed resistance to British rule in the American colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 183, First Continental Congress [Play] Today we discuss the First Continental Congress. 60-Second Civics: Episode 182, Boston Tea Party [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the Boston Tea Party. 60-Second Civics: Episode 181, Boston Massacre [Play] On today's podcast, we examine the Boston Massacre. 60-Second Civics: Episode 180, Writs of Assistance [Play] Today we discuss the Writs of Assistance. 60-Second Civics: Episode 179, Colonists organize resistance [Play] On today's episode, we discuss British efforts to assert authority over the colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 178, No taxation without representation [Play] Today we discuss colonial resistance to taxation without representation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 177, Colonial resistance grows [Play] On today's episode, we discuss colonial resistance to British control. 60-Second Civics: Episode 176, Seeds of revolution [Play] Today we discuss how Britain tried to increase its control of the colonies between 1763 and 1776. 60-Second Civics: Episode 174, Introduction to the Declaration of Independence discussion [Play] Over the next weeks, we will describe the circumstances that produced the Declaration of Independence. 60-Second Civics: Episode 173, Colonial legislatures versus Parliament [Play] Today we discuss differences between colonial American legislatures and the British Parliament. 60-Second Civics: Episode 172, Property requirement for voting [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the property requirement for voting in the American colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 171, Colonial governors and courts [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss the roles of governors and the courts in colonial governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 170, Colonial legislatures [Play] Today we discuss colonial legislatures. 60-Second Civics: Episode 169, Representative government in the colonies [Play] On today's episode, we discuss representative government and voting in the American colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 168, Fundamental rights and the rule of law [Play] Today we we explore fundamental rights and the rule of law as aspects of colonial constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 167, Colonial constitutions [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the basic principles common to all colonial constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 166, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut [Play] Today we discuss the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. 60-Second Civics: Episode 165, Structure of colonial governments [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the structure of colonial governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 164, Slavery in the colonies [Play] Today we discuss slavery in the American colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 163, Native Americans in colonial America [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the rights of Native Americans in the colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 162, Indentured servants in colonial America [Play] Today we discuss indentured servants in the colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 161, Rights denied in colonial America [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the people who did not enjoy the rights expressed in colonial documents 60-Second Civics: Episode 160, Rights denied in colonial America [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the people who did not enjoy the rights expressed in colonial documents 60-Second Civics: Episode 159, Rights in colonial Pennsylvania [Play] On today's episode, we discuss guarantees of basic rights in Pennsylvania 60-Second Civics: Episode 158, Massachusetts Body of Liberties, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 157, Massachusetts Body of Liberties, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss the Massachusetts Body of Liberties. 60-Second Civics: Episode 156, Colonial charters [Play] Today we examine colonial charters. 60-Second Civics: Episode 155, Successful colonial Americans [Play] In today's episode, we discuss some examples of successful colonial Americans. 60-Second Civics: Episode 154, Class in the colonies [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss how the English class system was weakened in the colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 153, English practices in America [Play] Today we discuss we discuss how some English practices that protected the landed aristocracy in Great Britain did not survive in the colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 152, Colonial prosperity [Play] On today's episode, we discuss how some colonial Americans achieved prosperity in the New World. 60-Second Civics: Episode 151, Mayflower Compact, Part 2 [Play] Today we present the excerpted text of the Mayflower Compact. 60-Second Civics: Episode 150, Mayflower Compact, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss the Mayflower Compact. 60-Second Civics: Episode 149, Early American settlement [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the situation in America in the early 1600s. 60-Second Civics: Episode 148, American colonies [Play] On the podcast today, we begin our discussion of how basic ideas of constitutional government were developed and used in the American colonies. 60-Second Civics: Episode 147, English Bill of Rights, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the English Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 146, English Bill of Rights, Part 1 [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the English Bill of Rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 144, Writ of habeas corpus [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the writ of habeas corpus in Britain. 60-Second Civics: Episode 143, English Civil War [Play] Today we discuss the events that led to the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679. 60-Second Civics: Episode 142, Petition of Right, Part 3 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the characteristics of the Petition of Right of 1628. 60-Second Civics: Episode 141, Petition of Right, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss the events that led to the Petition of Right of 1628. 60-Second Civics: Episode 140, Petition of Right, Part 1 [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss the clash between Parliament and the English monarchy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 139, The British constitution: Foundational documents [Play] Today we identify the three historical documents important in the development of the British constitution and the rights of the British people. 60-Second Civics: Episode 138, The British constitution [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the British constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 137, Magna Carta, Part 7 [Play] Today we explore the Magna Carta as a source of constitutional principles. 60-Second Civics: Episode 136, Magna Carta, Part 6 [Play] Today we discuss government by agreement or contract as a principle of the Magna Carta. 60-Second Civics: Episode 135, Magna Carta, Part 5 [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss basic rights as a principle of the Magna Carta. 60-Second Civics: Episode 134, Magna Carta, Part 4 [Play] On today's episode, we discuss how the Magna Carta contained the principle of the supremacy of the law. 60-Second Civics: Episode 133, Magna Carta, Part 3 [Play] Today we examine the Magna Carta and the rule of law. 60-Second Civics: Episode 132, Magna Carta, Part 2 [Play] We continue our discussion of the Magna Carta on today's podcast. 60-Second Civics: Episode 131, Magna Carta, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss the events leading up to the signing of the Magna Carta. 60-Second Civics: Episode 130, Rights of Englishmen, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the rights of Englishmen. 60-Second Civics: Episode 129, Rights of Englishmen, Part 1 [Play] On the podcast today, we discuss the rights of Englishmen. 60-Second Civics: Episode 128, Stare decisis, Part 2 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of stare decisis. 60-Second Civics: Episode 127, Stare decisis, Part 1 [Play] Today we explore the development of stare decisis in the English common law system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 126, English common law [Play] On today's episode, we discuss the development of English common law. 60-Second Civics: Episode 125, English Parliament, Part 3 [Play] Today we discuss how Parliament proved to be effective for both the English king and his subjects. 60-Second Civics: Episode 124, English Parliament, Part 2 [Play] In today's episode, we discuss King Edward the First's Model Parliament. 60-Second Civics: Episode 123, English Parliament, Part 1 [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the origins of the English parliament and royal court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 122, Norman conquest [Play] Today we examine how the Norman conquest changed English government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 121, England after the Romans [Play] Today we discuss the origins of English government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 120, British origins of American constitutionalism [Play] In today's episode, we begin our discussion of the British origins of American constitutionalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 119, The Enlightenment, Part 4 [Play] In today's podcast, we examine James Madison's idea of the "new science of politics." 60-Second Civics: Episode 118, The Enlightenment, Part 3 [Play] Today we continue our discussion of the Enlightenment. 60-Second Civics: Episode 117, The Enlightenment, Part 2 [Play] On the podcast today, we continue our discussion of the Enlightenment and discuss philosopher Francis Bacon. 60-Second Civics: Episode 116, The Enlightenment, Part 1 [Play] In today's episode, we begin our discussion of the Enlightenment. 60-Second Civics: Episode 115, Rise of capitalism, Part 3 [Play] Today we examine two influences on capitalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 114, Rise of capitalism, Part 2 [Play] Today we learn about how capitalism empowered a new class of citizens. 60-Second Civics: Episode 113, Rise of capitalism, Part 1 [Play] On the podcast today, we learn about the rise of capitalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 112, Rise of the nation-state, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss nation-states and ideas about government and rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 111, Rise of the nation-state, Part 1 [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the rise of the nation-state. 60-Second Civics: Episode 110, The Reformation, Part 5 [Play] Today we discuss the origin of American Puritans. 60-Second Civics: Episode 109, The Reformation, Part 4 [Play] In today's episode, we learn about how the Reformation contributed to the development of modern individualism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 108, The Reformation, Part 3 [Play] Today we look at how the invention of the printing press aided the Reformation and encouraged freedom of conscience. 60-Second Civics: Episode 107, The Reformation, Part 2 [Play] Today we examine the roots of the Protestant Reformation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 106, The Reformation, Part 1 [Play] Today we begin our examination of the Protestant Reformation and its contribution to ideas about rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 105, The Rennaisance, Part 2 [Play] On the podcast today, we continue our discussion of the Renaissance and its contributions to ideas about rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 104, The Rennaisance, Part 1 [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the Renaissance and how it contributed to ideas about rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 103, Medieval and classical republican similarities [Play] In today's podcast, we explore the similarities between medieval and classical republican ideas about society and government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 102, Feudalism, Part 3 [Play] Today we examine the final two of four essential ideas of feudalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 101, Feudalism, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss the first two of four essential ideas of feudalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 100, Feudalism, Part 1 [Play] Today we examine feudalism in medieval society. 60-Second Civics: Episode 99, The Church in the Middle Ages [Play] On today's podcast: how the Church came to be a powerful force in Europe during the Middle Ages. 60-Second Civics: Episode 98, The Judeo-Christian tradition, Part 2 [Play] Today we discuss how the Christian view of the individual influenced the Founders. 60-Second Civics: Episode 97, The Judeo-Christian tradition, Part 1 [Play] Today we examine how Judeo-Christian tradition influenced the political ideas of the Founders. 60-Second Civics: Episode 96, Natural rights philosophy: Human equality [Play] Today we examine human equality as an aspect of natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 95, Natural rights philosophy: Limited government [Play] Today we discuss limited government as an aspect of natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 94, Natural rights philosophy: Popular sovereignty and government by consent [Play] Today we discuss popular sovereignty and government by consent as aspects of natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 93, Natural rights philosophy: Individual rights [Play] On the show today, we discuss individual rights as an aspect of natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 92, Natural rights philosophy: John Locke [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the philosophy of John Locke. 60-Second Civics: Episode 91, Natural rights philosophy: Thomas Hobbes [Play] Today we discuss the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. 60-Second Civics: Episode 90, Natural rights philosophy: Influence on Founders [Play] On today's episode, we examine the values from natural rights philosophy that influenced the founding generation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 89, Natural rights philosophy [Play] On the show today, natural rights philosophy and the state of nature. 60-Second Civics: Episode 88, Divine right [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the role of philosophy in government and examine the divine right of kings. 60-Second Civics: Episode 87, Moral education, Part 2 [Play] Today we examine moral education in colonial America. 60-Second Civics: Episode 86, Moral education, Part 1 [Play] On today's episode we discuss moral education as an aspect of classical republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 85, Cincinnatus and Washington as examples of civic virtue [Play] On today's show: Cincinnatus and Washington as examples of civic virtue. 60-Second Civics: Episode 84, Citizenship and civic virtue in classical republicanism [Play] In today's podcast, we learn about citizenship and civic virtue in classical republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 83, Small communities in classical republicanism [Play] Today we examine small, uniform communities as an influential aspect of classical republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 82, Classical republicanism and the common good [Play] Today's podcast examines the devotion of citizens to the common good as a central feature of classical republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 81, The Roman Republic as example and warning [Play] On the show today we discuss how the history of the Roman Republic was both an example and a warning to America's founding generation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 80, Influence of the Roman Republic [Play] On the podcast today: the influence of the Roman Republic. 60-Second Civics: Episode 79, A problem of constitutional government [Play] Today we discuss the central problem of constitutional governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 78, Constitution as higher law [Play] In today's episode, we discuss how a constitution acts as a higher law. 60-Second Civics: Episode 77, Constitutionalism: Limited government [Play] We compare limited and unlimited government in today's episode. 60-Second Civics: Episode 76, Constitutionalism: Written vs. unwritten constitutions [Play] In today's episode, we examine written and unwritten constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 75, Constitutionalism: Defining constitution [Play] On today's podcast, a definition of the meaning of the term "constitution." 60-Second Civics: Episode 74, The Founders choose republican government [Play] Today we discuss why the Founders preferred republican government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 73, Republican government [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss republican government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 72, Mixed constitutions: The English system [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the English system as an example of a mixed constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 71, Mixed constitutions: Polybius and Cicero [Play] Today we discuss how the idea of a mixed constitution became a part of republicanism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 70, Aristotle: Mixed constitutions [Play] In today's podcast, we examine Aristotle's ideas about mixed constitutions. 60-Second Civics: Episode 69, Aristotle: Democracy [Play] Today we discuss Aristotle's description of democracy as an example of a corrupt form of government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 68, Aristotle: Polity [Play] Today we discuss Aristotle's conception of the polity as a right form of government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 67, Aristotle: The forms of government [Play] Today we examine Aristotle's concept of the forms of government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 66, Aristotle: Three functions of the state [Play] In today's episode, we explore Aristotle's notion of the three functions of the state. 60-Second Civics: Episode 65, Two lessons about government [Play] Today we learn about the two important lessons the Founders learned about government from their study of history and philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 65, Two lessons about government [Play] Today we learn about the two important lessons the Founders learned about government from their study of history and philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 64, Lessons from British and American history [Play] In today's podcast, we examine the lessons the Founders drew from British history and from American colonial history. 60-Second Civics: Episode 63, Greeks, Romans, and natural rights [Play] In today's episode, we learn about the lessons the Founders drew from Greek and Roman political history, and from natural rights philosophy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 62, Influences on the Founders [Play] Today examine how the Founders' knowledge and experiences informed their approach to governance. 60-Second Civics: Episode 61, Philosophical and historical traditions [Play] Today we begin our discussion of the important philosophical ideas and historical events that influenced the writing of the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 60, National Conference of State Legislatures [Play] Today we conclude our discussion of American federalism by learning about the National Conference of State Legislatures. 60-Second Civics: Episode 59, Referendum and recall [Play] In today's episode, we examine how referendum and recall works in the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 58, Initiatives [Play] Today we learn how the initiative process is conducted in the states. 60-Second Civics: Episode 57, States as laboratories of democracy [Play] In today's episode, we discuss how the states act as testing grounds for democracy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 56, Grants-in-aid: Education policy [Play] Today we discuss federal grants-in-aid and education policy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 55, Grants-in-aid: Growing influence [Play] Today we discuss the growing influence of federal grants-in-aid. 60-Second Civics: Episode 54, Grants-in-aid: The Great Depression [Play] In today's episode, we discuss how grants-in-aid came to be used during the Great Depression. 60-Second Civics: Episode 53, Grants-in-aid [Play] In today's episode, we discuss how grant-in-aid programs have affected American federalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 52, Regulation of drugs [Play] Today we learn how the Supreme Court reasserted the power of Congress to regulate the interstate market in drugs. 60-Second Civics: Episode 51, Regulation of commerce [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the conflict between Congress and the states over regulation of commerce. 60-Second Civics: Episode 50, Federalism in practice [Play] Today we begin our discussion of how American federalism works in practice. 60-Second Civics: Episode 49, State constitutional amendments [Play] Today we learn about state constitutional amendments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 48, Changing state constitutions [Play] In today's episode, we examine how state constitutions have changed over the years. 60-Second Civics: Episode 47, 60-Second Civics: Episode 47, Special districts [Play] Today we discuss special districts. 60-Second Civics: Episode 46, Title: 60-Second Civics: Episode 46, Municipalities [Play] In today's episode, we discuss municipalities. 60-Second Civics: Episode 45, 60-Second Civics: Episode 45, Local governments [Play] Today we discuss the creation of local governments. 60-Second Civics: Episode 44, 60-Second Civics: Episode 44, Judicial branch of state government [Play] In today's episode, we discuss the judicial branch of state government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 43, 60-Second Civics: Episode 43, Executive branch of state government [Play] We examine the executive branch of state government in today's episode. 60-Second Civics: Episode 42, 60-Second Civics: Episode 42, State legislatures [Play] Today we discuss the legislative branch of state government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 41, 60-Second Civics: Episode 41, State constitutions [Play] In today's episode, we discuss state constitutions and bills of rights. 60-Second Civics: Episode 40, 60-Second Civics: Episode 40, Supremacy of federal law [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the supremacy of federal law. 60-Second Civics: Episode 39, 60-Second Civics: Episode 39, State governing powers [Play] In today's episode, we discuss governing powers left to the states by the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 38, 60-Second Civics: Episode 38, Constitution prohibits certain state [Play] Today we discuss state governing powers prohibited by the Constitution. 60-Second Civics: Episode 36, 60-Second Civics: Episode 36, Role of states in the federal system [Play] Today we discuss the history of the role of states in the American system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 35, Title: 60-Second Civics: Episode 35, Federalism [Play] In today's episode, we begin our discussion of the American system of federalism. 60-Second Civics: Episode 34, 60-Second Civics: Episode 34, Questions and closing statements during congressional hearings [Play] Today we conclude our discussion of congressional hearings by examining the questioning of witnesses and closing statements. 60-Second Civics: Episode 33, 60-Second Civics: Episode 33, Witness procedures during congressional hearings [Play] Today we discuss witness procedures and strategies during congressional hearings. 60-Second Civics: Episode 32, 60-Second Civics: Episode 32, Opening statements in congressional hearings [Play] Today we learn about the role of opening statements in congressional hearings. 60-Second Civics: Episode 31, 60-Second Civics: Episode 31, Witness testimony in congressional hearings [Play] Today we learn about written and spoken testimony by witnesses in congressional hearings. 60-Second Civics: Episode 30, 60-Second Civics: Episode 30, Congressional hearing witnesses [Play] Today we learn about the role of witnesses in a congressional hearing. 60-Second Civics: Episode 29, 60-Second Civics: Episode 29, An overview of congressional hearings [Play] Today we outline the six steps of a congressional hearing. 60-Second Civics: Episode 28, 60-Second Civics: Episode 28, Congressional hearings, Part 1 [Play] Today we discuss congressional hearings, an essential part of the process of appointing a Supreme Court nominee. 60-Second Civics: Episode 27, 60-Second Civics: Episode 27, Congress and the power of the Supreme Court [Play] Today we discuss the ability of Congress to check the power of the Supreme Court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 26, 60-Second Civics: Episode 26, Executive enforcement of Supreme Court decisions [Play] Today we discuss executive enforcement of Supreme Court decisions as a check on the power of the Court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 25, 60-Second Civics: Episode 25, Presidential appointments and the Supreme Court [Play] Today we discuss presidential appointments as a check on the power of the Supreme Court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 24, Title: 60-Second Civics: Episode 24, Self-imposed limits on the Supreme Court [Play] Today we discuss self-imposed limits, one of several checks on the power of the Supreme Court. 60-Second Civics: Episode 23, 60-Second Civics: Episode 23, Constitutional interpretation: instrumentalism [Play] Today we examine instrumentalism, the final of four common methods of constitutional interpretation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 22, 60-Second Civics: Episode 22, Constitutional interpretation: fundamental principles [Play] Today we examine fundamental principles, the third of four common methods of constitutional interpretation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 21, 60-Second Civics: Episode 21, Constitutional interpretation: original intent [Play] Today we examine original intent, the second of four common methods of constitutional interpretation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 20, Constitutional interpretation: textualism [Play] Today we examine textualism, the first of four common methods of constitutional interpretation. 60-Second Civics: Episode 20, 60-Second Civics: Episode 200, Legislative supremacy, Part 2 [Play] On today's podcast, we discuss the reasons for states' confidence in legislative supremacy. 60-Second Civics: Episode 19, 60-Second Civics: Episode 19, Written opinions [Play] Today we explain the Supreme Court's practice of issuing written opinions 60-Second Civics: Episode 18, 60-Second Civics: Episode 18, Declining Supreme Court caseload [Play] Today we examine how the number of cases the Supreme Court decides has changed in recent years. 60-Second Civics: Episode 17, 60-Second Civics: Episode 17, Writs of certiorari [Play] Today we discuss how the Supreme Court decides to hear a case. 60-Second Civics: Episode 16, 60-Second Civics: Episode 16, Appellate jurisdiction [Play] Today we examine the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. 60-Second Civics: Episode 15, 60-Second Civics: Episode 15, Original jurisdiction [Play] Today we examine discuss the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction. 60-Second Civics: Episode 14, 60-Second Civics: Episode 14, Role of the Supreme Court [Play] Today we examine the role of the Supreme Court in the American constitutional system. 60-Second Civics: Episode 13, 60-Second Civics: Episode13, Arguments against judicial review [Play] Today we examine some of the arguments against judicial review. 60-Second Civics: Episode 12, 60-Second Civics: Episode12, Arguments in favor of judicial review [Play] Today we discuss Chief Justice John Marshall's arguments in favor of judicial review in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. 60-Second Civics: Episode 11, 60-Second Civics: Episode11, The origins of judicial review [Play] Today we discuss the origins of judicial review. 60-Second Civics: Episode 10, 60-Second Civics: Episode10, Judicial review [Play] Today we examine the power of judicial review. 60-Second Civics: Episode 9, 60-Second Civics: Episode 9, Characteristics of the federal judiciary [Play] Today we examine some of the characteristics of the federal judiciary. 60-Second Civics: Episode 8, 60-Second Civics: Episode 8, The creation of the judicial branch [Play] To provide context to the upcoming Supreme Court confirmation hearings for nominee Sonia Sotomayor, over the next few weeks 60-Second Civics will be examining the judicial branch of the United ... 60-Second Civics: Episode 7, George Washington and slavery [Play] Today we discuss how George Washington reconciled being a slaveholder with his leadership of a nation dedicated to freedom for all. 60-Second Civics: Episode 6, 60-Second Civics: Episode 1, What is 60-Second Civics? [Play] In this episode, host Kaci Patterson introduces 60-Second Civics, the Center for Civic Education's new daily podcast about civics and government. 60-Second Civics: Episode 5, 60-Second Civics: Episode 5, George Washington and executive branch authority [Play] Today we discuss how George Washington's actions established the authority of the presidency. 60-Second Civics: Episode 4, 60-Second Civics: Episode 4, George Washington and the executive branch [Play] Today we discuss how George Washington's administration shaped the executive branch. 60-Second Civics: Episode 3, George Washington and ratification of the Constitution [Play] Today we discuss George Washington's role during the Constitutional Convention and the debates over ratification. 60-Second Civics: Episode 2, 60-Second Civics: Episode 2, George Washington and civilian control of the military [Play] Today, in celebration of Father's Day, we discuss how the man often called the father of our country, George Washington, established the principle that the military is subordinate to civilian ... 60-Second Civics: Episode 37, 60-Second Civics: Episode 37, States and the federal government [Play] In today's podcast, we discuss the discuss the role of states in the national government.